# Football & Society · Football Level 9: Master

Football · Level 9: Master · Insporta Book (https://book.insporta.app/football/level-9/football-society/)

Football & Society in Football (Level 9: Master) on Insporta: 100 sourced facts behind 10 tests. Covers: the football war of 1969; the christmas truce.

Where football meets history and politics: the Football War, the Christmas Truce, stadium disasters, the Bosman ruling, racism, the bans on women's football, dictatorships, peace, fan ownership and clubs in their communities.

## Test 1: The Football War of 1969

- Fighting broke out weeks after their World Cup qualifying play-off. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- A neutral venue was chosen after violence around the first two legs. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The Organization of American States brokered a ceasefire within days, but thousands died. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- His account gave the conflict its name, although he stressed the deeper causes. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Honduras had begun expelling Salvadoran settlers; the matches inflamed an existing crisis. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- It was their first World Cup; they lost all three matches in Mexico. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- El Salvador scored the winner in extra time. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- June, late June, July and autumn 1969. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Each side won at home, so a third match at a neutral venue was needed. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- El Salvador reached the 1970 World Cup, their first. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 2: The Christmas Truce

- In places along the Western Front, men left the trenches to talk, swap gifts and kick a ball. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Letters home and later memoirs mention kickabouts, but few describe a proper match. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The high command saw fraternising as a threat to discipline. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- It was made with the Royal British Legion for the centenary. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Michel Platini opened it at Ploegsteert. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Hearts led the league when the players joined up; several died on the Somme. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Walter Tull, one of the first black professionals, served in it and became an officer. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- August, November and December 1914, then 1915. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1914, then November and December 2014. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Around Ypres and Ploegsteert, British and German trenches lay close together. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 3: Stadium disasters and the Taylor Report

- The 97th, Andrew Devine, died in 2021 from his injuries. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The match was stopped after six minutes. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The jury also found that fans' behaviour did not contribute to the disaster. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Rubbish under the stand caught fire during the last match of the season. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The ban ran from 1985 to 1990; 39 people died at the European Cup final in Brussels. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Popplewell had led the inquiry after Bradford; Taylor's reports reshaped English grounds. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Fans had been trapped against the fences at the Leppings Lane end. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1971, May 1985, May 1985 (later that month) and 1989. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 97, 66, 56 and 39. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The Taylor Report that followed made top-flight grounds all-seated. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 4: The Bosman ruling

- His club demanded a fee Dunkerque would not pay, and cut his wages when he stayed. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- It found that transfer fees for out-of-contract players broke EU free-movement rules. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- UEFA's '3+2' limit on foreign players could no longer apply to EU nationals. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Five years of litigation ended his career; he struggled financially afterwards. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- He left Liverpool at the end of his contract and won the Champions League twice. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Several of Ajax's 1995 champions left on free transfers within two years. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Clubs began offering long contracts and higher wages to avoid losing players for nothing. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1990, 1995, 1996 and 1999. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Since 1995 a player can agree terms abroad in the last six months of his contract. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- RFC Liège, not their neighbours Standard, were the club in the case. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 5: Racism and the answers to it

- Wharton, from the Gold Coast, kept goal for Preston and Rotherham. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England in London. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Their manager Ron Atkinson's side finished third in 1979 with all three in the team. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Barcelona's fans famously applauded him after a Clásico at the Camp Nou. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The gesture sparked a worldwide social media campaign against racism. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- His team-mates followed him, and he later addressed the United Nations on racism. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The gesture followed the killing of George Floyd in the United States. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1881, 1889 (Wharton signed as a professional for Rotherham Town after his amateur years at Preston), 1978 and 1979. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 2013, 2014 and 2020. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The Nottingham Forest right-back played against Czechoslovakia at Wembley. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 6: The bans on women's football

- Parr scored hundreds of goals for the team in the 1920s and 1930s. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Lady Florence Dixie was the club's president; Honeyball organised the team. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- A decree of the Vargas government declared some sports unsuited to women. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Sweden beat England on penalties over a two-legged final. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The United States beat Norway 2-1 in the final in Guangzhou. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Historians point to the popularity and charity income of the women's game as the real threat. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Dick, Kerr Ladies raised large sums for ex-servicemen and the unemployed. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1917, 1921, 1991 and 2022. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1991, 1995 and 1999. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The DFB's ban lasted until 1970. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 7: Football under dictatorships

- Argentina needed to win by four to reach the final; no wrongdoing has been proven. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Italy won on home soil, and again in 1938 in France. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The phrase became the club's slogan in the late 1960s. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Sócrates and his team-mates voted on everything from training to travel. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- BFC Dynamo won every title from 1979 to 1988, helped by referees many believe were leaned on. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Valentin Ceaușescu was involved at the army club that won the 1986 European Cup. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The Chilean players walked the ball into the goal in front of a crowd, and FIFA awarded the tie. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1934, 1973, 1978 and 1981-82. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Ten, nine and five titles. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- After the September 1973 coup, thousands were held and many tortured in the Estadio Nacional. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 8: Football and peace

- The squad's plea was broadcast across the country during the civil war. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Playing in the rebel-held north brought supporters from both sides together. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The match in Lyon, won 2-1 by Iran, was remembered for the goodwill between the players. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Younis Mahmoud headed the winner against Saudi Arabia in Jakarta. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Weah won the Ballon d'Or in 1995 and served one term as president. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The tale is widely repeated but historians dispute how far the fighting actually stopped. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The joint bid was a compromise after both countries had campaigned to host alone. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1998, 2005, 2007 and 2018. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1995, 2005 and 2018. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The 2006 World Cup in Germany was the country's first. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 9: Fan ownership and member clubs

- Most Spanish clubs became public limited companies in 1992; a few kept member ownership. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Real Sociedad dropped a similar policy in 1989. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The new club started in the ninth tier and rose back into the Football League. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- It is owned by its members, one vote each. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Exeter reached League One under supporter ownership. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The Pompey Supporters' Trust bought the club out of administration. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- Members vote on the club's leadership at the annual meeting. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2013. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1898, 2002 and 2005. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- AFC Wimbledon reached the Football League in 2011 and moved back to Plough Lane in 2020. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

## Test 10: Clubs and their communities

- The government changed its policy twice after his campaign. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The money goes to football-based charities around the world. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- St. Pauli's fans were among the first in Germany to ban racist chants from their ground. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The song comes from the musical Carousel. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- FIFA and the UN have called it the world's greenest club. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- In 2014 fans and players raised money for an evicted elderly neighbour. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire at 22. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- 1963, 2017 and 2020. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- The early 1990s, 2017 and 2020. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)
- St. Pauli play at the Millerntor, near the Reeperbahn. (Source: Histories of football and society; court rulings; official inquiries; contemporary reports)

Sources: FIFA and UEFA official records / club records / contemporary match reports / published histories and biographies / audited club accounts

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