# Law 23: 1st Referee

Volley-ball · Law 23: 1st Referee · Insporta Book (https://book.insporta.app/fr/volleyball/laws/law-23-1st-referee/)

Where the 1st referee stands, his authority over officials and teams, his duties before, during and after the match, and the faults he is primarily responsible for.

## 23.231 Position and Authority

The referee's stand, his final decisions, overruling and replacing officials, and matters outside the rules.

### Test 1: Where the 1st referee stands and his authority

- He stands on a referee's stand at one end of the net, on the side opposite the scorer. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.1)
- His eyes should be approximately 50 cm above the net. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.1)
- He directs the match and has authority over all officials and all team members. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.1)
- During the match his decisions are final, and he may overrule other officials who are mistaken. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.1)
- The 1st referee may decide any matter involving the game, including those not in the rules. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.3)
- He may even replace an official who is not performing his functions properly. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.1)
- From his stand he cannot see it at the right moment, though he may still overrule a mistaken call. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.1, 24.3.2.2; Casebook 2024 7.10)
- D is at the net post on the side opposite the scorer's table; A is the 2nd referee's side. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.1)
- The 1st referee directs everyone; the 2nd referee is his assistant with his own jurisdiction. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.1, 24.2.1)
- The 1st referee allows no discussion but must explain on request and authorise a reserved protest. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.4)

## 23.232 Before, During and After the Match

Inspection, toss and warm-up, warnings and sanctions, and the score sheet at the end.

### Test 1: Before, during and after the match

- He inspects the conditions of the playing area, the balls and other equipment. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.1.1)
- He performs the toss with the team captains. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.1.2)
- He controls the teams' warming-up. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.1.3)
- He is authorised to issue warnings and to sanction misconduct and delays. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.1, 23.3.2.2)
- He also controls the work of the ball retrievers and quick moppers. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.2)
- He is responsible for judging, before and during the match, whether equipment and conditions are fit. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.5)
- He checks and signs the score sheet. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.3)
- This is the toss, which the 1st referee carries out with the two team captains before the match. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 7.1, 23.3.1.2)
- Inspection, toss and warm-up come before the match, the score sheet after it. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3)
- 2.43 m, about 50 cm above that, and at least 7 m. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 2.1.1, 23.1, 1.1)

## 23.233 What the 1st Referee Decides

The serving team, faults in playing the ball, the attacker's side of the net, and calls on his side of the court.

### Test 1: What the 1st referee decides

- He decides the faults of the server and of the positions of the serving team, including the screen. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3)
- Faults in playing the ball are in the 1st referee's list. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3)
- He takes faults above the net and net contact primarily, not exclusively, on the attacker's side. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3)
- Such faults are listed twice, once for each referee. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3, 24.3.2.4)
- He decides those on his side of the court; the 2nd referee those on his. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3)
- The ball crossing the lower space completely is listed among his decisions. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.3.2.3)
- He permits no discussion, but explains to the game captain the rule his decision was based on. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 23.2.4)
- Net contact on the attacker's side is primarily the 1st referee's; the 2nd referee watches the blocker's side. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 11.3.1, 23.3.2.3)
- For a back-row attack fault both referees indicate it, each in his own sequence. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 13.3.3, 22.2.3.3)
- After his whistle he signals who serves, the fault and, if needed, the player. (Source: FIVB OVR 2025-2028, Rule 9.3.3, 22.2.3.1)

Sources: FIVB Official Volleyball Rules 2025-2028, Rule 23 (paraphrased in original wording; original questions authored from the Rules, not reproduced)

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