# Глава 1: История и истоки

Field Hockey · Глава 1: История и истоки · Insporta Book (https://book.insporta.app/ru/field-hockey/interesting-facts/chapter-1-history-origins/)

The early rules, beach games, pioneers and odd beginnings of the sport.

## 1.11 Rossall's Beach Game

A public school on the Lancashire coast played hockey on the sand, by the tide tables.

### Тест 1: Rossall's beach game

- The grass fields were too wet for rugby at that time of year, so they went down to the shore. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- The pitch vanished under the sea at high water, so the game ran by the tides. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- Each line was gone with the next tide, so it was drawn afresh every match. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- Play goes back at least to 1867, six years before anyone wrote the rules down. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- The rouge came from the school's early football, which imitated the Eton field game. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- With no forward passing allowed, close control was the whole of the attacking game. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- Association hockey arrived as an organised school sport only at the end of the 1960s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- At least 1867, 1873, 1900, the end of the 1960s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- 3 yards, 6 paces, 20 paces, 80 paces. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))
- As in rugby, the ball could not go forward by a pass, so dribbling ruled. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey))

## 1.12 The Surbiton Minute Book

The rules of 1876, as copied into a club's minute book, show a strange early game.

### Тест 1: The rules of 1876

- The extracts open the Hockey Museum's chronology of how the rules changed. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Right into the 1970s the rule book still described the ball by reference to a cricket ball. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Its width could run anywhere from 50 to 80 yards as well. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The roll came in at right angles to the line, and the roll-in lasted almost a century. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- That same 15 yards later became the radius of the marked striking circle. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- There was no menu of penalties yet, only the ball brought back and a bully. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- No measurements were given, so a committee's eye was the only test. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 7 feet, 6 yards, 15 yards, 50 yards. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1876, 1886, 1900, 1908. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The shoulder limit lasted a long time: the rule capping stick height was deleted only in the early 1980s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.13 The Code of 1886

The Hockey Association's first code, with flags, three taps and white-painted balls.

### Тест 1: The Hockey Association's code of 1886

- Flags stood where the modern 23-metre line now runs. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Three taps stayed the ritual for over a century. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- No substitutes were allowed either, so the eleven who started had to finish. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It took until the 1970s before two were allowed, and even then a player could not come back on. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The stick itself had to be wood; towelling and rubber grips belong to much later days. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Field players could stop the ball with a hand or foot, but could not kick it away. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The code simply did not mention any goalkeeping equipment. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- One, two, three and five: the shape widens as it goes up the field. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 4 yards, 5 yards, 15 yards, 25 yards. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Traditional leather-covered cricket balls were simply painted white. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.14 Umpires Through the Years

From appeals and fixed halves to cards and signals: how the umpire's job changed.

### Тест 1: How umpiring changed

- From 1907 umpires could apply the rules without being asked. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It also made each umpire responsible for the whole of one side-line. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Its first meeting followed on 25 July that year. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It was formally written in as a rule only in 1927. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The 1886 code had allowed either two umpires or one with two linesmen. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- From the 1970s a temporary suspension had to last at least five minutes. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The Hockey Museum's chronology calls it a trip to the sin bin. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1907, 1936, 1959, the 1970s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- April 1900, July 1900, 1927, the 1970s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Green, yellow and red were all brought in during that decade's changes. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.15 Corners Before Today

The penalty corner began as a fix for defenders' fouls, and kept on changing.

### Тест 1: How the penalty corner changed

- The same year brought the penalty bully, for stopping a certain goal. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The attackers, meanwhile, waited outside the circle. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The rest of the team had to wait at the 25-yard line. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Before that they had needed only to get behind the 25-yard line. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The same year cut the defenders behind the back line from six to five. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The first common rule book for men and women tightened what had not been umpired rigorously. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- With no stop required any more, the corner became a quicker routine. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1908, 1961, 1987. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1908, 1987, 1996, 2003. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The corner is taken again one defender short, and in theory this could go on until the defence had gone. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.16 The Bully's Long Goodbye

Hockey's oldest restart faded out over a hundred years, one rule at a time.

### Тест 1: The disappearing bully

- It lasted until 1963, when the penalty stroke took its place. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It is the ancestor of the free hit defenders now take after a ball goes over the back-line. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It was first taken from a spot 8 yards from the goal. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It became a centre pass that could go in any direction only in 1996. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It still turns up today after, say, an injury stops play. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The rewrite of that year kept the idea of the bully but simplified the ritual. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- That one change was made in the same year offside went experimental. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1957, 1963, the early 1980s, 1996. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1886, 1908, 2004. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It looks the same as in the 1880s, except that the sticks now touch only once. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.17 Hands, Feet and Sticks

What players could once do, and what they can do now that their grandparents could not.

### Тест 1: Hands, feet and sticks

- Use of the hand by anyone but a goalkeeper went only in the early 1980s. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The same rule stopped players using any part of the body except the hand to stop the ball. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Lifting the ball had to be done by the safe scoop, not by chopping under a hit. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- That is roughly 790 grams; today's limit is lower. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- A hard forehand hit with the edge was banned again in 2007. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Before then a shot at the head could not legally be stopped with a raised stick. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- A side could now play with eleven field players, a choice still seen at the very end of matches. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1904, 2002, 2007, 2009. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1904, 1938, the early 1980s, 2007. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It came more than a century after the first code, which had not mentioned any goalkeeping kit. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.18 From Yards to Metres

How a game once measured in yards, feet and ounces went metric, and what shifted on the way.

### Тест 1: From yards to metres

- A conversion table for imperial users was put at the back of the book. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- That is why the stroke spot sits at an awkward-looking 6.4 metres today. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The later fixed figure of 60 yards is about 55 metres, the width played on today. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The same year let umpires advance a free hit by 10 yards for dissent. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It is the dotted line you still see around each circle. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- The new limits were 9 inches long and 14 inches wide. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- It starts opposite where the ball went behind the goal-line. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 1886, 1905, the 1970s, 1998. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- 9 inches, 14 inches, 36 inches. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)
- Attacking free hits had to be kept away from the circle, and the dashes made the distance easy to see. (Источник: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books)

## 1.19 The Apple

An Englishwoman who went to America for a short course in 1901 and stayed for the rest of her 107 years.

### Тест 1: Constance Applebee

- She was born there on 4 June 1873. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- Bryn Mawr's alumnae magazine told stories about her under that very name. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- She had come for a summer course and showed the game at a seminar there. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- She began in 1904 and stayed into the late 1920s. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- She had lived through the whole rise of the game she brought across the Atlantic. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- The association became the national voice for a sport that was then almost all female. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- It finally closed after the 1994 season. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- 1873, 1901, 1904, 1922. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- 1901, the early 1920s, 1981, 1994. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)
- To this day American field hockey is played overwhelmingly by women, unlike nearly anywhere else. (Источник: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901)

## 1.20 Olympic Comings and Goings

Hockey dropped in and out of the early Games, with some very odd tournaments.

### Тест 1: Hockey's early Olympic oddities

- Its absence pushed a French official to found the FIH that very year. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales each entered and each won a medal. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- Uhlenhorster HC went over as a club and represented the country. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- Japan took silver all the same, since only three teams had entered. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- The team trained on the deck on the way there. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- The sea swallowed them one by one as the players practised at sea. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- It was the condition that eventually folded the IFWHA into the FIH. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- Three, four and six. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- 1908, 1924, 1936, 1980. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')
- India scored 38 and let in just one, in the final against Germany. (Источник: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments')

Источники: Primary/official sources only, no Wikipedia citations: the FIH and its continental federations, national associations, The Hockey Museum, the Olympic Channel and Olympedia, Guinness World Records, clubs' and makers' own histories, museums and named reputable media.

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