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Figure Skating · Interesting Facts

Chapter 10: Turning Points

10 parts · 10 tests · 100 facts · updated 20 October 2026 · markdown

Moments that changed skating: 1994, judging rows, the age limit, doping cases, politics, the amateur rule, the backflip, the 1961 crash, cancelled championships and the rule changes that reshaped the sport.

10.1011994: Harding and Kerrigan

The attack on Nancy Kerrigan before the 1994 Olympics and the Games that followed, as Olympedia tells it.

Test 1Harding and KerriganTake a test

  1. She was hit just above the knee as she came off the ice after a practice.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  2. The attacker could not find the rink there, so they chose the U.S. Championships instead.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  3. He contacted a friend about arranging the attack; he was arrested in January.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  4. Kwan had finished second to Harding at the U.S. Championships.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  5. She was allowed to restart, placed seventh in the free and eighth overall.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  6. The court gave her 500 hours of community service and a $100,000 fine.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  7. A tenth of a point more from any of four judges would have given Kerrigan the gold.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  8. The short programme began on 23 February.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  9. Bonaly skated last of the leaders and slipped to fourth; Witt was the very last skater.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  10. Tenth in the short programme, seventh in the free skate and eighth overall.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · applied

10.102Judging Rows

Recounts, patriotic panels and protests in Olympic judging, besides the pairs affair of 2002.

Test 1Judging rowsTake a test

  1. No protest was made and the result stood; the ISU did not run the event.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  2. Olympedia calls the judging chauvinistic; the Czech judge had his countryman first.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics, Men · recall

  3. The two other judges, from Germany and Austria, had Herma Planck-Szabo first.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics, Ladies · recall

  4. The judges split four, four and one tie; the Soviets won 13 to 14 on ordinals.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed · recall

  5. He gave his first place to the Germans Wötzel and Steuer, who finished third.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  6. Slutskaya was upset with her artistic scores.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  7. It claimed prejudice on a panel with several judges from former Soviet republics.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  8. 1920, after the 1927 Worlds, 1980 and 2014.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1920, 1924, 1980 and 2014 Olympics · recall

  9. Both had 3.0 factored placements; the free skate decided it.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  10. Three Norwegian judges of five placed Henie first.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics, Ladies · applied

10.103The History of Age Limits

How the ISU raised the senior age limit from 15 to 17 after the Beijing Games.

Test 1Age limitsTake a test

  1. The vote came on 7 June 2022.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022) · recall

  2. With two abstentions, clearing the two-thirds majority required.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022) · recall

  3. It rose to 17 in 2024-25 and stays there.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022) · recall

  4. The same cut-off date as before.

    Source: NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022) · recall

  5. The ISU council cited injury risk and the mental pressure of the global spotlight.

    Source: NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022) · recall

  6. The three-time Olympic medallist from Canada.

    Source: NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022) · recall

  7. The East German placed 26th; he later won world titles.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men · recall

  8. There was no change for the first season after the vote.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022) · recall

  9. February 2022, June 2022, the 2023-24 season and the 2024-25 season.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022); NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022) · recall

  10. C is 17; A is the 15 of 2022-23 and B the 16 of 2023-24.

    Source: Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022) · applied

10.104Doping Cases

From a cold medicine to the Valieva case: doping rulings that changed skating results.

Test 1Doping casesTake a test

  1. From the Russian Championships in December 2021, revealed during the Beijing Games.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  2. She finished fourth, and a ceremony did take place.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  3. After multiple delays by the Russian Olympic Committee.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  4. A mere 32 months after the event, as Olympedia puts it.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  5. She had tried to explain a doping violation for a diuretic.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  6. Pseudoephedrine; it was approved by a doctor, but she had not informed the ISU.

    Source: Olympics.com, athlete biography: Elena Berezhnaya · recall

  7. She and Ponomarenko won the Olympic ice dance title a year later.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed · recall

  8. 1991, 2000, February 2022 and January 2024.

    Source: Olympedia, 1992 dance and 2022 women; Olympics.com, Elena Berezhnaya · recall

  9. 29 January, 30 January, 2 August and 7 August 2024.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  10. The United States first, Japan second and the ROC team third; Canada's appeal for bronze failed.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · applied

10.105Politics and the Games

Protests, defections, flags and bans: when world politics reached the rink.

Test 1PoliticsTake a test

  1. They later emigrated to the United States.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, pairs · recall

  2. Ria Baran and Paul Falk won the European title at once.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics, pairs · recall

  3. He defected just before the European Championships.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men · recall

  4. They watched the Olympic flag raised in their honour instead of the Russian one.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  5. North Korea had qualified at Nebelhorn but did not register its athletes in time.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  6. He won gold for the Unified Team there.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, Dr. Porter among 2018 World Hall of Fame inductees (17 April 2018) · recall

  7. Olympic champion Anna Shcherbakova and Kamila Valieva missed the Worlds in Montpellier that month.

    Source: Associated Press (via The Boston Globe), Russia excluded from skating as sporting sanctions increase (1 March 2022) · recall

  8. 1936, 1951, 1972 and 2022.

    Source: Olympedia, 1932 and 1952 pairs, 1968 men; AP (1 March 2022) · recall

  9. February, 1 March and later in March 2022.

    Source: Associated Press (via The Boston Globe), Russia excluded from skating as sporting sanctions increase (1 March 2022) · recall

  10. B is 1951; A is the Brunets' protest of 1936, C Zöller's defection of 1972 and D the ban of 2022.

    Source: Olympedia, 1932 and 1952 pairs, 1968 men; AP (1 March 2022) · applied

10.106Amateur and Professional

The amateur rule and the medals it cost, from Kilius and Bäumler to the return of the professionals in 1994.

Test 1Amateur and professionalTake a test

  1. That should have made them professionals, ineligible for the Games.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  2. The IOC then awarded silver and bronze to the next pairs.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  3. At the 1967 Canadian Championships; Revell's medal was buried with him.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  4. Willi Daume handed them over on 'Sportstudio' on 5 December 1987.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  5. Kilius and Bäumler, with replicas from 1987, and Wilkes and Revell, who kept theirs.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  6. Tenley Albright and Carol Heiss went on to fight for gold.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  7. New rules let professionals back for 1994, and they won gold again.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  8. Before February 1964, 1964, January 1966 and December 1987.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  9. 1956, 1992 and 1994, when Boitano, Petrenko, Witt and Torvill and Dean came back.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956, 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics · recall

  10. 1987; A is the Games of 1964, B the return of the medals in 1966 and C the Canadians' silver in 1967.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · applied

10.107The Backflip Story

Banned after 1976, defied in 1998 and legal again from 2024: the backflip on ice.

Test 1The backflipTake a test

  1. He did it at the 1976 U.S. Championships, Olympics and Worlds.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  2. Scotvold had done backflips himself in show skating.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  3. He treated cats and dogs at a hospital in Concord, California, for 36 years.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  4. Kubicka never learned an official reason.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  5. Kubicka had landed his on two skates; she finished 10th.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  6. He still rose from 19th to bronze at the 2024 Worlds.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  7. 'It was our responsibility as a technical panel to call it illegal,' he said.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  8. 1976, 1998, 2022 and the 2024-25 season.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  9. October 2023, January 2024 and March 2024.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · recall

  10. B is 1998; A is Kubicka's 1976, C the gala of 2022 and D the rule change of 2024.

    Source: NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024) · applied

10.108The 1961 Sabena Crash

The loss of the whole U.S. World Team on the way to Prague, and how the sport rebuilt.

Test 1The 1961 crashTake a test

  1. U.S. Figure Skating calls it the greatest tragedy in figure skating history.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020) · recall

  2. It crashed in Belgium, near Brussels.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020) · recall

  3. The 1961 World Championships were cancelled.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020); Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men · recall

  4. Held in Philadelphia; the team took a chartered bus to New York's Idlewild airport.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020) · recall

  5. The 1961 U.S. Championships were the first televised, which made the Owens celebrities.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, women · recall

  6. With 16 relatives, coaches and friends; nobody on board survived.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, women · recall

  7. To athletes with strong competitive potential or academic achievement.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020) · recall

  8. The plane crashed in Belgium on 15 February.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020) · recall

  9. 1963, 1964 and Grenoble 1968; no American man reached a Worlds podium in 1962-63.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics · recall

  10. B is 1961; A is the Jenkins gold of 1956, C Allen's fifth place at the 1963 Worlds and D Fleming's gold of 1968.

    Source: U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020); Olympedia, 1956-1968 · applied

10.109Cancelled Championships

Wars and a pandemic: the championships that did not happen.

Test 1Cancelled championshipsTake a test

  1. Gillis Grafström had first skated at the Worlds in 1914, in Helsinki.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, Men · recall

  2. Gillis Grafström won the men's world title that year.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, Men · recall

  3. The Worlds followed in Stockholm two weeks later.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, pairs · recall

  4. Dick Button and Barbara Ann Scott won the 1948 European titles.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, Men; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, women · recall

  5. Skate Canada and the ISU were informed on 11 March 2020.

    Source: Skate Canada, Cancelled: ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2020 (11 March 2020) · recall

  6. From 16 to 22 March 2020, in Montreal.

    Source: Skate Canada, Cancelled: ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2020 (11 March 2020) · recall

  7. Its execution was not perfect, but it extended his winning margin.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men · recall

  8. 1915-1921, the war years of the 1940s, 1961 and 2020.

    Source: Olympedia, 1932 men, 1948 pairs, 1964 men; Skate Canada (2020) · recall

  9. Davos came two weeks before Stockholm.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, Men; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, pairs · recall

  10. D is 2020; A is the 1915 start of the First World War gap, B the 1947 restart and C the 1961 cancellation.

    Source: Skate Canada, Cancelled: ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2020 (11 March 2020); Olympedia, 1932 men, 1948 pairs, 1964 men · applied

10.110Rule Changes That Changed the Sport

Pairs lifts, short programmes, dance formats and the team event: rules that reshaped skating.

Test 1Rule changesTake a test

  1. European critics said the rules did not cover them; North Americans disagreed.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  2. Neither pair of the controversy competed internationally again.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  3. Later called the short programme, followed by free skating.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed · recall

  4. Before the 1971 Worlds figures had counted 60%.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women · recall

  5. It made dance consistent with the other events.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed · recall

  6. A team must qualify in three of the four events; Ukraine, 17th, took the place.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  7. Down to one point for tenth; the top five teams then skated the free programmes.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  8. 1959, 1968, by 1972 and 2014.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956, 1968, 1972 and 2014 Winter Olympics · recall

  9. Teams could change skaters after the short programme.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · recall

  10. One point; A is the winner's 10, B second place's 9 and C sixth place's 5.

    Source: Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed · applied

Sources

Olympedia event narratives and Olympics.com, NPR, NBC Sports, the Associated Press, U.S. Figure Skating and Skate Canada. The 2002 pairs affair, the 6.0 system and the end of compulsory figures are KT 9.4-9.5 material and are not asked again. Every fact is recorded with its source in docs/FIGURE_SKATING_VERIFIED_FACTS.md.

  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women10
  • NBC Sports, Ilia Malinin plans backflip at Skate America after move made legal (16 October 2024)10
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed7
  • Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022)5
  • U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020)5
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed4
  • NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022)3
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women3
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed3
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics, Ladies2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men2
  • Associated Press (via The Boston Globe), Russia excluded from skating as sporting sanctions increase (1 March 2022)2
  • Olympedia, 1932 and 1952 pairs, 1968 men; AP (1 March 2022)2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, women2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, Men2
  • Skate Canada, Cancelled: ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2020 (11 March 2020)2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed2
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics, Singles, Women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics, Men1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1920, 1924, 1980 and 2014 Olympics1
  • Olympics.com, ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years (7 June 2022); NPR (via OPB), Figure skaters' minimum age for top competitions will rise to 17 after scandal (7 June 2022)1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team, Mixed1
  • Olympics.com, athlete biography: Elena Berezhnaya1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, 1992 dance and 2022 women; Olympics.com, Elena Berezhnaya1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, pairs1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics, pairs1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed1
  • U.S. Figure Skating, Dr. Porter among 2018 World Hall of Fame inductees (17 April 2018)1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956, 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics1
  • U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020); Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics1
  • U.S. Figure Skating, A Memorial Fund Tribute: We must never forget (13 February 2020); Olympedia, 1956-19681
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, pairs1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, Men; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Singles, Men1
  • Olympedia, 1932 men, 1948 pairs, 1964 men; Skate Canada (2020)1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics, Men; Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics, pairs1
  • Skate Canada, Cancelled: ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2020 (11 March 2020); Olympedia, 1932 men, 1948 pairs, 1964 men1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, Pairs, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics, Singles, Women1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Ice Dance, Mixed1
  • Olympedia, Figure Skating at the 1956, 1968, 1972 and 2014 Winter Olympics1