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Field Hockey · Interesting Facts

Chapter 5: Equipment & Technology

10 parts · 10 tests · 100 facts · updated 30 October 2026 · markdown

Sticks, balls, turf and the odd ideas behind them.

5.51From Wood to Carbon

How a piece of bent wood became a stiff carbon tool, with a rule book trying to keep up.

Test 1From wood to carbonTake a test

  1. Hickory and ash were also used in the old days.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' · recall

  2. They were boiled, dried, glued and bent on a machine.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  3. It is the part that takes the most punishment from the ball.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  4. A smaller head made it quicker to turn the stick over on the new turf.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' · recall

  5. The rules-makers were by then studying what sticks could be made of.

    Source: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org) · recall

  6. That is a little over 41 inches.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' · recall

  7. It is about 26 ounces, a little under the old limit of 28.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' · recall

  8. The handle came last, after sawing and polishing.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  9. 1905, 1999, 2000, 2015.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' · recall

  10. Makers tried pasting a net over the front of it to stop the cracks.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · applied

5.52Jalandhar's Odd Trick

A stick maker found a strange way to stop wooden hooks from splitting.

Test 1Jalandhar's odd trickTake a test

  1. It was described in the press as a kind of Indian revolution.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  2. It stands on the Kapurthala Road.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  3. It is the company's own label, not a foreign one.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  4. It was meant to prevent the wood from splitting.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  5. They could not be repaired, so they became fuel.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  6. Sharmila Devi and Nikki Pradhan were listed too.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  7. His wooden sticks, though, still get the treatment.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  8. First the net, then its failures, then the new idea.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  9. A cracked stick could not be mended, so it ended up as fuel.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · recall

  10. The trick replaced the old net pasted over the front of the hook.

    Source: The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 2021 · applied

5.53Grays of Cambridge

The world's oldest hockey brand began by making rackets.

Test 1Grays of CambridgeTake a test

  1. It has been making sports gear for more than 150 years.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  2. H.J. Gray is the founder's name.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  3. Tennis and racket sports came first.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  4. That deal took it properly into the hockey business.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  5. It became a symbol of the brand.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  6. The product demonstration was at the local hockey club.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  7. It belongs to Grays of Cambridge.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  8. 1855, 1941, the 1970s.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  9. 1855, 1890, about 2001.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · recall

  10. Grays has kept the flash on its sticks ever since.

    Source: Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays' · applied

5.54The Kookaburra Ball

A Melbourne family firm took an idea from golf and changed the ball for good.

Test 1The Kookaburra ballTake a test

  1. A.G. Thompson started the firm there.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  2. The firm still has Thompsons working in the head office.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  3. Before that it traded under the founder's name, with Kookaburra as the brand.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  4. The ball was designed in 1982.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  5. It was also Kookaburra's first waterproof hockey ball.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  6. The Olympics in question were in Los Angeles.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  7. An Australian firm's home Games was a very good place to start.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  8. 1890, 1956, 1982, 1990.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  9. 1982, 2006, 2015.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · recall

  10. It is described as the FIH's only globally approved ball.

    Source: National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history · applied

5.55Sialkot and Jalandhar

Two cities a short drive and an international border apart make much of the game's gear.

Test 1Sialkot and JalandharTake a test

  1. That was the root of the city's whole sports-goods trade.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  2. It lies in Punjab, close to the border.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  3. They set up the sports goods industry on the Indian side.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  4. It is described as the home of the Indian sports industry.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  5. It has been doing so since partition.

    Source: The Hockey Museum, on Mike Smith's visits to India, 21 January 2022 (hockeymuseum.org) · recall

  6. It was the Punjab Lok Congress Party's logo, in the heartland of the stick trade.

    Source: The Hockey Museum, on the 2022 Punjab elections, 21 January 2022 (hockeymuseum.org) · recall

  7. A senior player had been quoted as rating Sialkot's sticks higher than Jalandhar's.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  8. 1883, 1947, about 2001, 2022.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  9. Pakistan's Punjab, then India's Punjab, then Odisha.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · recall

  10. They took their trade across the new border, and started again.

    Source: DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods · applied

5.56Montreal's First Day

The first Olympic match on artificial turf, played on a morning in July 1976.

Test 1Montreal's first turf dayTake a test

  1. It began at 10am.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  2. India won 4-0.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  3. The results were 4-0, 2-0, 5-0 and 1-1.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  4. It was manufactured in the United States.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  5. That accident gave birth to the watered pitch.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  6. Grass was thought too hard to keep in good condition there.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  7. New Zealand went on to win gold at the same Games.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  8. 2, 4 and 5.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  9. 1975, 1976, 1980, about 2000.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · recall

  10. Hockey's wet turfs were, by accident, born there.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey' · applied

5.57London Blue, Tokyo Cane

From a colour for television to a turf partly made from sugar.

Test 1Blue, cane and carbon-zero turfTake a test

  1. A yellow ball stands out far better against it.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  2. That made it the third most-attended sport at those Games.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  3. Only two sports drew more people.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  4. It was called Poligras Tokyo GT.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  5. It carried the name Poligras Paris GT zero.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  6. Watering a pitch for every match has long been a sore point.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  7. Poligras is the company's hockey brand.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  8. 2012, 2020, 2024.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  9. 1976, 2012, 2020, 2024.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · recall

  10. Poligras's London Blue replaced decades of green.

    Source: AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT' · applied

5.58The Ball Through Time

From a leather cricket ball with cork inside, to solid plastic.

Test 1The ball through timeTake a test

  1. They were built very like cricket balls.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  2. The cork was wrapped in string and covered with leather.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  3. It was the same construction as cricket's.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  4. Some still contain a cork core.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  5. It was a century-old habit of the game.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  6. Yellow and other shades were later adopted to stand out on blue.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  7. That is why waterproofing was such a selling point in the 1980s.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  8. 1886, 1982, 2012.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  9. It was built up in layers, as a cricket ball was.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · recall

  10. It is why Victorian players could simply pick up an old one.

    Source: Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' · applied

5.59Hockey on Stamps

Pakistan marked its World Cups in postage, and so did others.

Test 1Hockey on stampsTake a test

  1. It won the title at that World Cup, in Barcelona.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  2. It was printed by offset litho in Karachi.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  3. A red drape hangs behind them.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  4. East Pakistan was still part of the country in that month.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  5. They came in sheets of 50.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  6. The players are shown in sketchy action.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  7. Four million copies were issued.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  8. 2, 27, 50.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  9. 1971, 1990, 1994.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · recall

  10. The dates 15/24 October 1971 appear on it.

    Source: iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com) · applied

5.60Fifty Years of Turf

Hockey Turf Day marks 18 July, when hockey changed surface for good.

Test 1Fifty years of turfTake a test

  1. A year before Montreal, the idea was already underway in Europe.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  2. Polytan has supplied the turf for many Games since.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  3. He said the decision remained a milestone in the game's history.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  4. Hockey stayed on grass in many places for years, then changed fast.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  5. Both were raised on the new surface.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  6. It looks back over the change since 1976.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  7. It was marked at the 50-year point in 2026.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  8. 1975, 1976, 1980, 2026.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · recall

  9. Presidents from 2001, 2008, 2016 and 2021 on.

    Source: FIH, 'History of the FIH' (fih.hockey) · recall

  10. The new generation of turf is designed to play without watering.

    Source: Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' · applied

Sources

Primary/official sources only, no Wikipedia citations: the FIH and its continental federations, national associations, The Hockey Museum, the Olympic Channel and Olympedia, Guinness World Records, clubs' and makers' own histories, museums and named reputable media.

  • The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', by Gajinder Singh, 6 August 202114
  • Longstreth, 'A trip to Grays headquarters', 2025; Grays of Cambridge company pages; Tennis & Rackets sponsor page, 'Grays'10
  • National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport' (Melbourne Now); Kookaburra Sport company history10
  • AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'; Field Hockey Canada, 'Synturf for Hockey'10
  • AstroTurf, 'Celebrating day one of hockey's turf transformation'; Polytan, 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; Asian Hockey Federation, 'Poligras Tokyo GT'10
  • Britannica, 'Field hockey'; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'; National Gallery of Victoria, 'Kookaburra Sport'10
  • iStampGallery, 'Pakistan on 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup' and 'Pakistan on 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup' (istampgallery.com)10
  • Polytan, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026' and 'From Montreal to Tokyo and beyond'; FIH, 'Hockey Turf Day 2026'9
  • DHL Pakistan, 'Sports goods manufacturing in Sialkot'; Jalandhar district website, 'Sports hub'; The Tribune, 15 July 2005; YourStory, August 2026; The Bridge on the duty on Pakistani goods8
  • The Free Press Journal, 'The condom touch to hockey sticks', 6 August 2021; Encyclopedia.com, 'Hockey Stick'; FIH Rules of Hockey; The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey'5
  • The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org)1
  • The Hockey Museum, on Mike Smith's visits to India, 21 January 2022 (hockeymuseum.org)1
  • The Hockey Museum, on the 2022 Punjab elections, 21 January 2022 (hockeymuseum.org)1
  • FIH, 'History of the FIH' (fih.hockey)1