Captaincy and Match Situations

Grass holds moisture and grips the seam, so a fresh green pitch tends to move around for the quicks in the first session before it dries and flattens.

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A surface already breaking up will only deteriorate, so the side with the better spinners and the last big innings often holds the advantage.

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Conditions that help seam and swing are usually at their friendliest in the first hour or two, so a captain bowls to exploit them before batting gets easier.

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With little in it for the bowlers and the pitch only likely to wear later, first use of a good surface to build a total and apply scoreboard pressure is the safe call.

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A wet ball is hard to hold for the spinners and slips through onto the bat, so a side chasing under dew often finds bowling far tougher than the side batting first did.

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A widening crack breaks the bounce up, so one ball leaps and the next shoots along the ground, which unsettles even a well-set batter.

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Inconsistent pace makes timing hard, so batters are told to play late, watch the ball right onto the bat and cut down on the big shots.

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With no lateral movement and little bounce for the seamers, the wicket-taking threat comes from turn, drift and the ball that stops on the batter.

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Pitch and weather together tell the captain how conditions will change through the day, which drives the single biggest decision he makes in the match.

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A deteriorating pitch turns and misbehaves most on the last day, so a captain would rather set a target on it than have to knock one off.

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The Laws allow a new ball after a set number of overs, eighty in Test cricket, and the fielding captain decides whether to take it at once or bowl on with the old one.

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A hard new ball comes onto the bat and stops reversing and turning, so if the old ball is doing plenty a captain often holds off for a few overs.

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A left-arm angle to a certain player, or leg spin to a weak sweeper, is chosen deliberately so the contest favours the bowling side at that moment.

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Two or three sharp overs at a time keeps pace and accuracy high and stops a batter settling against one bowler's rhythm for a long stretch.

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Saving a few overs of the best bowler means he is available when the game is on the line, at the death or against a dangerous new player.

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If a bowler has lost his line and is going for boundaries, a quick change stops the bleeding and lets him regroup before coming back later.

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A batter eyeing the interval may take a risk against the weaker bowler, and even a wicketless tidy over saves the main bowlers for after the break.

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The new ball is the best wicket-taking tool, hard and shiny with a proud seam, so the captain gives it to the bowlers most likely to use it well.

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One end may offer the wind for an outswinger, the slope, or the rough for a spinner, so the captain matches the bowler to the end that suits him.

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A clear plan pairs a line and length with fielders in the catching and saving spots that suit it, so pressure builds instead of leaking away.

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Bringing slips, gully and bat-pad in backs an early wicket at the cost of leaving singles, which is the trade a captain makes when he wants to attack.

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An inviting gap at, say, deep square leg encourages the pull, and the deep fielder or the top-edge catcher is already waiting for the false shot.

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A field is built around the bowling plan, so if the plan is to draw a drive, the catchers go in the drive's edge zone rather than being spread evenly.

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With the field up by rule and batters teeing off, a captain accepts some boundaries and bowls to take wickets, since containment is barely possible.

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When protecting a total, the captain spreads the field to turn twos into ones and fours into twos, giving up the single as the lesser evil.

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A batter who has just arrived is at his most vulnerable, so leaving a slip or a close catcher in for a few balls is worth the single it might cost.

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Bowling full and straight tempts the drive down the ground, and the two straight sweepers turn a would-be six into two while the plan keeps working.

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Small adjustments plug the gap a batter has just found or bait a shot he has shown he likes, keeping the field one step ahead of him.

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A deeper mid-off gives the batter an easy one but cuts off the driven boundary, a small defensive tweak inside an otherwise attacking over.

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Once even the solitary slip or short catcher is sent back, the captain has given up on the immediate wicket and is purely trying to slow the scoring.

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It is the runs left to get divided by the overs left, and it climbs when a side falls behind the rate and eases when it gets ahead.

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Wickets are only worth keeping if they are used; with a cushion of batters, the side can afford to attack and bring the rate back down.

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Once the lower order is exposed and the rate is out of reach at a run a ball, blocking only delays defeat, so the batters have to swing and take the chance.

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A calm batter keeps a running count of what is needed, takes the low-risk runs on offer and saves the risks for the bowlers he can target.

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A new batter has to start again against a rate that keeps ticking up, so wickets are the defending captain's main way of squeezing a chase.

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A healthy run rate hides fragility; two or three wickets in a few overs exposes the tail and the required rate can jump out of reach in a flash.

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If the match is called off, the result is decided against the par score for that point, so a side batting second manages wickets and rate around it.

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A low target means the chasing side can crawl, so the defending captain spreads the field, dries up the boundary and lets the dot balls pile the pressure on.

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Ones and twos with wickets in hand feel comfortable, but a chase that does not keep up with the rate through the middle forces a near-impossible finish.

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The batter who is in has the best read on the pitch and the bowling, so keeping him there to the end is worth far more than a flashy cameo from below.

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Scoring one off the fifth or sixth ball keeps the specialist on strike for most of the next over, sheltering the number eleven from all but the odd delivery.

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Handing the strike to number eleven for five balls is a bigger risk than the set batter keeping it and trying to score himself, so the easy one is turned down.

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Every ball counts, so the side manoeuvres its most reliable big hitter onto strike for as many of the six deliveries as possible.

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The choice of a death-overs specialist, someone with a yorker and a slower ball and the nerve to bowl them, matters more than any single field tweak.

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A ball in the blockhole gives no room and no length to swing through, so the best a batter usually manages is a jab for one.

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A slower ball that is picked early simply arrives with less pace and more time, which is exactly what a big hitter wants to go long.

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Sending the ball to the bowler that specific batter struggles to hit, rather than the next in line, tilts a tight finish the fielding side's way.

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Taking away both the pace and the arc a batter needs for a boundary turns the death over into a scramble for ones and twos.

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Staying in with a manageable equation for the last few overs lets a set batter and the field restrictions do the work, rather than gambling early.

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Keeping strike bowlers for the two phases where most runs are scored, the start and the finish, gives the defending side the best chance of squeezing the chase.

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A keeper who scores runs strengthens the lower middle order while the side keeps its full attack.

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Every single changes the angle, so bowlers and fielders have to keep adjusting.

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The floater's place depends on the score and the overs left.

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With fielders inside the circle, a few big hits could give the side a quick start.

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The anchor holds one end so that the hitters can take risks at the other.

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A promoted hitter can lift the rate while the side still has batters to follow.

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In a short game, the right batter for the moment may depend on the overs and the bowlers left.

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Openers face the new ball from the first over; by the time the tail comes in, it is old.

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Openers start, the anchor holds the innings together, and the finisher closes it.

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With only a few overs left, a nightwatchman protects the best batter until the next morning.

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Players follow a captain who fields, bats and behaves the way he wants them to.

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Without changes, batters get used to the field and the bowling and score more freely.

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The meeting turns the coaches' analysis into plans the players all understand.

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Bowlers need some stability; constant changes can break their rhythm and focus.

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The vice-captain is a second voice in planning and takes charge when the captain is off the field.

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A lively, committed fielding side keeps pressure on the batters for every ball.

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Arguing helps nobody; the captain's calm sets the example for the rest of the side.

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Under the Laws the players are nominated before the toss; the side takes the field after it.

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A short conversation and a clear plan often settle a bowler better than taking him off.

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Two hours at 15 an hour is 30 overs; 26 have been bowled, so the side is four behind.

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A draw comes from surviving until the overs run out, whatever the score.

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Changing ends stops a bowler working on one batter and breaks the fielding side's rhythm.

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A pitch that does little for the bowlers makes survival much easier.

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Wickets matter more than runs, so the captain crowds the bat.

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Every over lost to rain is one fewer over in which the bowlers can take wickets.

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Playing only at balls that threaten the stumps cuts out the edges behind.

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More overs in the time left means more chances to take the wickets they need.

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A rearguard is built on time: each partnership eats overs until none are left.

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The last hour has a set number of overs; once they are bowled with wickets left, the match is drawn.

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380 at more than four an over is very unlikely; with six wickets left, surviving 90 overs is the sensible aim.

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International Tests usually have a 40-minute lunch and a 20-minute tea interval.

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Thinking about the break can make batters lose focus for a vital ball or two.

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A late wicket swings the day and means a new batter must start again in the morning.

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A hard new ball and early moisture help swing and seam movement.

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After a break, timing and judgement of length take a little while to return.

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International playing conditions set 90 overs as the day's minimum.

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Drying and footmarks change pace, bounce and turn as the day goes on.

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A Test day has three sessions, split by the lunch and tea intervals.

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A batter not out at stumps carries on from the same score the next day.

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Three slips and a gully wait for the edges that early swing and seam produce.

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Balance is about having enough batting and enough bowling for the conditions.

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One player doing both jobs frees a place for another specialist.

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To win a Test the side must bowl the opponents out twice, which needs a full attack.

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Death bowlers have the yorkers and slower balls needed in the final overs.

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Over many weeks, injuries and dips in form are certain, and replacements must be ready.

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Seam and swing conditions reward a bigger pace attack.

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Extra bowling options let the captain cover a bowler who is having a bad day.

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Conditions decide the balance, the balance decides the players, and the team is named before the toss.

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Swing is used early, spin in the middle, and the death specialist at the end.

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A dry, cracked pitch should turn, so a second spinner is often picked in place of a seamer.

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