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Jalgpall · Huvitavad faktid

Peatükk 5: Varustus ja tehnoloogia

10 testi · 100 fakti · uuendatud 23. oktoober 2026 · markdown

How the game's equipment and venues changed: balls from pig's bladders to the World Cup's named balls, boots and their makers, kits that made headlines, trophies as objects, engineered stadiums, lights and clocks, and pitches and posts.

5.51Pallid, jalatsid, kaardid ja mängupäeva tehnoloogia

Telstar-palli telerile mõeldud disain, valgusfoor, mis inspireeris kaardisüsteemi, jalatsid, millega võideti vihmas MM-i finaal, ning kohtunike tehnoloogiate rida, mis ilmus aastatel 2014–2022.

Test 1Palli, jalatsite, kaartide ja kohtunike tehnoloogia ajaluguTee test

  1. Adidas kujundas Telstari 12 musta viisnurka ja 20 valget kuusnurka nii, et pall oleks hästi nähtav 1970. aastal enamikul fännidel veel olnud must-valgetel telerites.

    Allikas: Adidas / FIFA, news.adidas.com/timeline/how-adidas-has-shaped-the-history-of-world-cup-balls-from-1970-to-the-present-day · meenutamine

  2. Pärast tulist Argentina ja Inglismaa veerandfinaali 1966. aasta MM-il nägi kohtunik Ken Aston foori värvi vahetumist ja mõtles „kollane, võta rahulikult; punane, stopp"; kaardid debüteerisid 1970. aasta MM-il.

    Allikas: History.com / Smithsonian Magazine, history.com/articles/yellow-red-cards-1966-world-cup · meenutamine

  3. Vihmast läbimärjal väljakul Bernis andsid Adi Dassleri pikemad kruvitavad naastud Lääne-Saksamaa mängijatele parema haarduvuse kui Ungari kindlalt kinnitatud nahast naastud, aidates favoriidiks mitte peetud võistkonnal võita 3:2 „Berni imes".

    Allikas: DFB (Saksa jalgpalliliit), dfb.de/en/news/detail/world-cup-rewind-1954-the-miracle-of-bern-187757 · meenutamine

  4. VAR debüteeris MM-il Prantsusmaa avamängus Austraalia vastu 2018. aastal, kinnitades Antoine Griezmanni vastu tehtud vea ja määrates penalti.

    Allikas: FIFA Museum, fifamuseum.com/en/explore/fifamuseumplus/past-exhibitions/innovation-in-action/the-first-time-var-made-its-fifa-world-cup-debut-with-griezmann · meenutamine

  5. FIFA valis 2014. aasta MM-iks GoalControl-4D, eelistades seda Hawk-Eye'ile ja kahele teisele konkurendile; süsteemi kasutati esimest korda Brasiilia ja Horvaatia avamängus.

    Allikas: Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/116659-first-football-soccer-fifa-world-cup-to-use-goal-line-technology · meenutamine

  6. 2022. aasta MM-il jäädvustasid 12 jälgimiskaamerat iga mängija kohta kuni 29 andmepunkti 50 korda sekundis, et aidata teha kiiremaid ja täpsemaid suluseisuotsuseid.

    Allikas: FIFA, inside.fifa.com/innovation/world-cup-2022/semi-automated-offside-technology · meenutamine

  7. Töötu jalgpallifänn Heine Allemagne arendas kaduvat spreid 14 aastat; see debüteeris MM-il 2014. aasta Brasiilia ja Horvaatia avamängus pärast aastatepikkust kasutamist Lõuna-Ameerika jalgpallis.

    Allikas: Kaduva värvisprei leiutamise ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  8. Kahe Sheffieldi võistkonna vaheline näidismäng valgustite all Bramall Lane'il 14. oktoobril 1878 on tunnustatud esimese valgustite all peetud jalgpallimänguna, kuigi Football League lubas võistlusmänge valgustite all alles 1956. aastal.

    Allikas: Jalgpalli esimese prožektorivalgel peetud mängu ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  9. Briti pallitootja William Sykes patenteeris 1885. aastal kummivooderdusega väravavahikindad, kuid kasutuselevõtt oli aeglane; River Plate Amadeo Carrizo oli esimene väravavaht, keda tunnustati laialdaselt nende regulaarse kandmise eest, 1940. ja 1950. aastatel.

    Allikas: Väravavahikinnaste arengu ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  10. QPR paigaldas 1981. aastal Loftus Roadile Omniturfi kunstmuruväljaku; pärast aastatepikkust mängijate kaebusi keelas Football Association 1991. aastal kunstmuruväljakud kõrgliigas.

    Allikas: QPR-i kunstmuruvälja ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

5.52Särgid, staadionid ja ülekannete esimesed

Kuidas särgisponsorlus, mängunumbrid, staadionite ohutus ja ülekanded mängupäeva kogemust muutsid, lisaks kaks palliloo ja jalats, mis jäi ajalukku oma värvi, mitte naastude pärast.

Test 1Särgid, staadionid, pallid ja ülekannete esimesedTee test

  1. Kettering Town kandis 1976. aasta jaanuaris särkidel „Kettering Tyres", kuid FA tunnistas selle ebaseaduslikuks; Liverpooli 1979. aasta leping Hitachiga sai Inglise jalgpalli esimeseks ametlikult heakskiidetud särgisponsorluseks.

    Allikas: Inglise jalgpallisärkide sponsorluse ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  2. Endine Liverpooli mängija Craig Johnston arendas välja umbes 1000 prototüüpi, alustades jalgpallijala ümber mähitud kummist, enne kui Adidas lasi 1994. aastal turule Predatori kummiribidega, mis parandasid haaret ja palli kõverdamist.

    Allikas: Adidas Predatori leiutamise ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  3. Hillsborough'i katastroofi järel avaldatud Taylori raport soovitas ainult istekohtadega staadione; kahe kõrgeima Inglise liiga klubid pidid nõuetele vastama 1994. aasta augustiks.

    Allikas: Taylori raporti ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  4. Azteca sünteetiline konstruktsioon, mille asteegi-inspireeritud kujundus austas võõrustajat Mehhikot, säilitas märgades tingimustes ja kõrgel oma kuju paremini kui nahk.

    Allikas: Adidase MM-mängupallide ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  5. Everton paigaldas Goodison Parkile 1958. aastal mullasoojenduse, kasutades 20 miili juhet, kuigi teised klubid järgisid aeglaselt: Liverpool paigaldas enda süsteemi alles 1980. aastal.

    Allikas: Goodison Parki mullaaluse kütte ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  6. Alan Ball kandis 1970. aasta Charity Shieldil valgeid jalgpallijalatseid, esimesi värvilisi; neid müüdi Hummeli nime all, kuigi Ball ütles hiljem, et tegelikult kandis ta valgeks värvitud Adidase jalatseid, sest Hummeli omad tegid jalgadele haiget.

    Allikas: Alan Balli valgete jalgpallisaabaste ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  7. Mängijad ja väravavahid, sealhulgas Inglismaa peatreener Fabio Capello, kritiseerisid Jabulani ennustamatut kõrvalekallet ja langust, süüdistades selle ebatavaliselt kerget konstruktsiooni.

    Allikas: 2010. aasta Jabulani palli vaidluse ristkontrollitud kajastus · meenutamine

  8. Koosseisunumbrid ja särgil olevad nimed muutusid Premier League'is kohustuslikuks 1993. aasta augustist, asendades traditsioonilise mängupäeva numeratsiooni 1–11.

    Allikas: Premier League'i mängijanumbrite ristkontrollitud ülevaated · meenutamine

  9. BBC edastas 16. septembril 1937 Arsenali ja Arsenal Reservesi vahelise sõpruskohtumise 15-minutilise lõigu; see oli esimene otse televisioonis näidatud jalgpallimäng.

    Allikas: Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/777845-first-televised-football-soccer-broadcast · meenutamine

  10. Cardiffi Millennium Stadium avati 1999. aastal Ühendkuningriigi esimese täielikult avatava katusega; 2001. aasta FA Community Shield oli esimene jalgpallimäng, mis seal suletud katuse all peeti.

    Allikas: Principality Stadiumi ametlik sait, principalitystadium.wales/information/about-the-venue · meenutamine

5.53World Cup Balls by Name

Tango España, Etrusco Unico, Questra, Tricolore, Fevernova, Jo'bulani and the Champions League Finale.

Test 1World Cup ballsTee test

  1. From 1986 the World Cup ball was fully synthetic.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  2. The foam made it a little faster and more water-resistant.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  3. Its design was inspired by space travel and the American space programme.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  4. Blue, white and red recalled the French flag, with a Gallic rooster in the design.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  5. Its colours and triangles drew on Asian culture for the first World Cup in Asia.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  6. It was a gold version of the tournament ball, for the final in Johannesburg.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  7. A new Finale has been made for each season since 2000-01.

    Allikas: UEFA, 'The Champions League starball' (uefa.com); adidas · meenutamine

  8. 1982, 1990, 1994 and 1998.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  9. 1998, 2002 and the 2010 final.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  10. Three lion heads decorated each of its triad patterns.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

5.54Boots and Their Makers

The Dassler brothers, the Pelé Pact, the Puma King, the Copa Mundial and the Mercurial.

Test 1Football bootsTee test

  1. The brothers had made shoes together since the 1920s.

    Allikas: adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  2. Adolf, known as Adi, founded Adidas.

    Allikas: adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  3. Cameras close in on him bending down before the quarter-final against Peru.

    Allikas: PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  4. It became one of the most famous boots of its era.

    Allikas: PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  5. It is still on sale, more than four decades later.

    Allikas: adidas, 'Copa Mundial since 1979' (adidas.com) · meenutamine

  6. It was very light and silver, blue and yellow.

    Allikas: Nike, 'Mercurial: 1998' (nike.com) · meenutamine

  7. Early boots were heavy, ankle-high work boots that soaked up water.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'Football boots' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  8. 1968, 1970, 1979 and 1998.

    Allikas: PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  9. 1924, 1948, 1949 and 1994.

    Allikas: adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

  10. Adidas and Puma both stayed in the brothers' home town after the split.

    Allikas: adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · meenutamine

5.55Kits That Made Headlines

Cameroon's sleeveless and one-piece kits, Campos' colours, Admiral's replicas and United's grey kit.

Test 1Famous kitsTee test

  1. FIFA fined the federation and docked World Cup qualifying points; the deduction was later lifted.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · meenutamine

  2. They had worn the sleeveless design at the Africa Cup of Nations earlier that year.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · meenutamine

  3. He also played some matches as a striker.

    Allikas: Mexican Football Federation, 'Jorge Campos' (miseleccion.mx) · meenutamine

  4. Its deal with Leeds United began the modern replica-kit trade.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'Admiral and the replica shirt' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  5. West Germany wore white, so England changed.

    Allikas: The FA, '1966: England's red shirts' (englandfootball.com) · meenutamine

  6. The team kept the colour after Italy became a republic in 1946.

    Allikas: FIGC, 'Perché la Nazionale veste d'azzurro' (figc.it) · meenutamine

  7. They were 3-0 down and lost 3-1; the grey shirt was never worn again.

    Allikas: Manchester United, 'The grey kit at The Dell, 1996' (manutd.com) · meenutamine

  8. 1966, the 1970s, 1986 and 1996.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'Admiral and the replica shirt' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  9. 1991, 1994, 2002 and 2004.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · meenutamine

  10. Hummel's design is one of the best-remembered World Cup shirts.

    Allikas: Dansk Boldspil-Union, '1986: Danish Dynamite' (dbu.dk); hummel heritage · meenutamine

5.56Trophies as Objects

Lafleur's Jules Rimet, the 1911 FA Cup, Big Ears, a gold Premier League trophy and the salad bowl.

Test 1TrophiesTee test

  1. The gold-plated figure represented Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

    Allikas: FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · meenutamine

  2. Fattorini & Sons made it; City won it at the first attempt.

    Allikas: FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · meenutamine

  3. The Swiss silversmith Jörg Stadelmann made it in 1967 with its large handles.

    Allikas: UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · meenutamine

  4. Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern, Milan and Liverpool all earned a trophy of their own.

    Allikas: UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · meenutamine

  5. The gold trophy was made to mark the unique feat.

    Allikas: Premier League, 'The Premier League trophy' and 'The gold trophy of 2004' (premierleague.com) · meenutamine

  6. The base has been enlarged to make room for the plaques.

    Allikas: CONMEBOL, 'El trofeo de la Copa Libertadores' (conmebol.com) · meenutamine

  7. France Football first gave the award in 1956.

    Allikas: FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · meenutamine

  8. 1911, 1930, 1967 and 1974.

    Allikas: FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · meenutamine

  9. 1966, 1973, 1976, 1994 and 2005.

    Allikas: UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · meenutamine

  10. The Meisterschale is known in Germany as the Salatschüssel.

    Allikas: DFL, 'Die Meisterschale' (bundesliga.com) · meenutamine

5.57Stadium Engineering

Sliding pitches, a floating pitch, a stadium of containers, colour-changing panels and a quarry ground.

Test 1Stadium engineeringTee test

  1. The grass slides away in three sections, revealing the synthetic surface below.

    Allikas: Tottenham Hotspur, 'Stadium: the retractable pitch' (tottenhamhotspur.com) · meenutamine

  2. The pitch grows outside in daylight and is moved back in for matches.

    Allikas: FC Schalke 04, 'VELTINS-Arena' (schalke04.de) · meenutamine

  3. The dome was a 2002 World Cup venue.

    Allikas: Sapporo Dome, 'Hovering soccer stage' (sapporo-dome.co.jp) · meenutamine

  4. 974 is also Qatar's international dialling code.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'Stadium 974' (fifa.com, 2022) · meenutamine

  5. Red has been used for Bayern home games.

    Allikas: FC Bayern, 'Allianz Arena' (allianz-arena.com) · meenutamine

  6. The arch helps hold up the roof and can be seen across London.

    Allikas: Wembley Stadium, 'The arch' (wembleystadium.com) · meenutamine

  7. Eduardo Souto de Moura's design has stands on only two sides.

    Allikas: SC Braga, 'Estádio Municipal de Braga' (scbraga.pt) · meenutamine

  8. 1996, 2001, 2005 and 2007.

    Allikas: Johan Cruijff ArenA, 'History' (johancruijffarena.nl) · meenutamine

  9. 2001, 2003, 2019 and 2021.

    Allikas: Sapporo Dome, 'Hovering soccer stage' (sapporo-dome.co.jp) · meenutamine

  10. It was the first World Cup stadium designed to be fully dismantled.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'Stadium 974' (fifa.com, 2022) · meenutamine

5.58Lights and Clocks

The first floodlit league match, Wolves and Honvéd, Highbury's clock and the Munich clock.

Test 1Floodlights and clocksTee test

  1. Floodlights had been used for friendlies for years before the League allowed them.

    Allikas: Portsmouth FC, 'The first Football League floodlit match, 1956' (portsmouthfc.co.uk) · meenutamine

  2. Arsenal won 6-1 under their new lights.

    Allikas: Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · meenutamine

  3. English papers called Wolves 'champions of the world', and a French journalist proposed a proper test.

    Allikas: Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · meenutamine

  4. One end of the Emirates is called the Clock End too.

    Allikas: Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · meenutamine

  5. United beat Anderlecht 10-0 there in September 1956.

    Allikas: Manchester United, 'Old Trafford history' and 1956-57 European Cup reports (manutd.com) · meenutamine

  6. UEFA launched the European Cup the following year.

    Allikas: Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · meenutamine

  7. Opponents included Spartak Moscow, Honvéd and Real Madrid.

    Allikas: Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · meenutamine

  8. 1878, 1954, 1956 and 2006.

    Allikas: Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · meenutamine

  9. 1958, 1968 and 2006.

    Allikas: Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · meenutamine

  10. The plane crashed at Munich-Riem airport on 6 February 1958.

    Allikas: Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · meenutamine

5.59Balls Before the Telstar

Pig's bladders, Goodyear's rubber, two balls in 1930, a valve in 1950 and Haller's souvenir.

Test 1Early footballsTee test

  1. His vulcanised rubber ball did not need a pig's bladder inside.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  2. Argentina's ball was used before half-time and Uruguay's after; Uruguay won 4-2.

    Allikas: FIFA, 'World Cup 1930: the two balls of the final' (inside.fifa.com) · meenutamine

  3. Older balls were laced shut after the bladder was pumped up.

    Allikas: adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · meenutamine

  4. Hurst was expected to keep it after his hat-trick; the ball came back to England in 1996.

    Allikas: FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · meenutamine

  5. Brown leather balls had been the norm until then.

    Allikas: The FA, 'History of the Laws: the white ball' (thefa.com) · meenutamine

  6. Players complained of pain and injury from heading them.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  7. It was the orange-brown Challenge 4-Star.

    Allikas: FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · meenutamine

  8. 1855, 1930, 1950 and 1966.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

  9. 1930, 1950 and 1966.

    Allikas: FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · meenutamine

  10. Heading the laced seam of a wet, heavy ball was painful.

    Allikas: National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · meenutamine

5.60Pitches and Posts

Square posts at Hampden, plastic pitches, the Baseball Ground, pallets in Cardiff and Huish's slope.

Test 1Pitches and goalpostsTee test

  1. The club later sold the ground to the Scottish FA.

    Allikas: Queen's Park FC, 'Our history' (queensparkfc.co.uk) · meenutamine

  2. Luton's pitch arrived in 1985; Oldham and Preston followed.

    Allikas: EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · meenutamine

  3. Preston were the last to replace theirs with grass.

    Allikas: EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · meenutamine

  4. Sir Francis Ley built it after a visit to the United States; Derby played there from 1895 to 1997.

    Allikas: Derby County, 'The Baseball Ground' heritage pages (dcfc.co.uk) · meenutamine

  5. The grass had to be replaced again and again.

    Allikas: Johan Cruijff ArenA, 'History' (johancruijffarena.nl) · meenutamine

  6. The pallets can be taken out for concerts and other events.

    Allikas: Principality Stadium, 'The pitch' (principalitystadium.wales) · meenutamine

  7. Big clubs dreaded FA Cup ties there.

    Allikas: Yeovil Town FC, 'Huish: the sloping pitch' (ytfc.net) · meenutamine

  8. 1981, 1985, 1996 and 1997.

    Allikas: EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · meenutamine

  9. About 1890, 1899, 1996 and 1999.

    Allikas: Principality Stadium, 'The pitch' (principalitystadium.wales) · meenutamine

  10. Two of its shots hit the square woodwork in a 1-0 defeat; the posts are now in the club museum.

    Allikas: AS Saint-Étienne, 'Les poteaux carrés' (asse.fr); Musée des Verts · meenutamine

Allikad

Esmased/ametlikud allikad, kus need on olemas: FIFA (fifa.com, inside.fifa.com), FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com), Adidas (news.adidas.com), DFB – Saksa jalgpalliliit (dfb.de), Guinness World Records. Mitu vanemat varustusfakti toetub mitmele ristkontrollitud mitte-Wikipedia ülevaatele, sest ühtegi ametlikku arhiivilehte ei leitud – märgitud iga küsimuse juures. Wikipedia viiteid pole. Ümber sõnastatud omas sõnastuses; küsimused on koostatud.

  • adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com)10
  • adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com)4
  • FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com)4
  • Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages4
  • Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began'4
  • National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com)4
  • PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com)3
  • FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports3
  • UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com)3
  • FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com)3
  • EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com)3
  • National Football Museum, 'Admiral and the replica shirt' (nationalfootballmuseum.com)2
  • Sapporo Dome, 'Hovering soccer stage' (sapporo-dome.co.jp)2
  • FIFA, 'Stadium 974' (fifa.com, 2022)2
  • Johan Cruijff ArenA, 'History' (johancruijffarena.nl)2
  • Principality Stadium, 'The pitch' (principalitystadium.wales)2
  • Adidas / FIFA, news.adidas.com/timeline/how-adidas-has-shaped-the-history-of-world-cup-balls-from-1970-to-the-present-day1
  • History.com / Smithsonian Magazine, history.com/articles/yellow-red-cards-1966-world-cup1
  • DFB (Saksa jalgpalliliit), dfb.de/en/news/detail/world-cup-rewind-1954-the-miracle-of-bern-1877571
  • FIFA Museum, fifamuseum.com/en/explore/fifamuseumplus/past-exhibitions/innovation-in-action/the-first-time-var-made-its-fifa-world-cup-debut-with-griezmann1
  • Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/116659-first-football-soccer-fifa-world-cup-to-use-goal-line-technology1
  • FIFA, inside.fifa.com/innovation/world-cup-2022/semi-automated-offside-technology1
  • Kaduva värvisprei leiutamise ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Jalgpalli esimese prožektorivalgel peetud mängu ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Väravavahikinnaste arengu ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • QPR-i kunstmuruvälja ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Inglise jalgpallisärkide sponsorluse ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Adidas Predatori leiutamise ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Taylori raporti ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Adidase MM-mängupallide ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Goodison Parki mullaaluse kütte ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Alan Balli valgete jalgpallisaabaste ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • 2010. aasta Jabulani palli vaidluse ristkontrollitud kajastus1
  • Premier League'i mängijanumbrite ristkontrollitud ülevaated1
  • Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/777845-first-televised-football-soccer-broadcast1
  • Principality Stadiumi ametlik sait, principalitystadium.wales/information/about-the-venue1
  • UEFA, 'The Champions League starball' (uefa.com); adidas1
  • adidas, 'Copa Mundial since 1979' (adidas.com)1
  • Nike, 'Mercurial: 1998' (nike.com)1
  • National Football Museum, 'Football boots' (nationalfootballmuseum.com)1
  • Mexican Football Federation, 'Jorge Campos' (miseleccion.mx)1
  • The FA, '1966: England's red shirts' (englandfootball.com)1
  • FIGC, 'Perché la Nazionale veste d'azzurro' (figc.it)1
  • Manchester United, 'The grey kit at The Dell, 1996' (manutd.com)1
  • Dansk Boldspil-Union, '1986: Danish Dynamite' (dbu.dk); hummel heritage1
  • Premier League, 'The Premier League trophy' and 'The gold trophy of 2004' (premierleague.com)1
  • CONMEBOL, 'El trofeo de la Copa Libertadores' (conmebol.com)1
  • DFL, 'Die Meisterschale' (bundesliga.com)1
  • Tottenham Hotspur, 'Stadium: the retractable pitch' (tottenhamhotspur.com)1
  • FC Schalke 04, 'VELTINS-Arena' (schalke04.de)1
  • FC Bayern, 'Allianz Arena' (allianz-arena.com)1
  • Wembley Stadium, 'The arch' (wembleystadium.com)1
  • SC Braga, 'Estádio Municipal de Braga' (scbraga.pt)1
  • Portsmouth FC, 'The first Football League floodlit match, 1956' (portsmouthfc.co.uk)1
  • Manchester United, 'Old Trafford history' and 1956-57 European Cup reports (manutd.com)1
  • FIFA, 'World Cup 1930: the two balls of the final' (inside.fifa.com)1
  • The FA, 'History of the Laws: the white ball' (thefa.com)1
  • Queen's Park FC, 'Our history' (queensparkfc.co.uk)1
  • Derby County, 'The Baseball Ground' heritage pages (dcfc.co.uk)1
  • Yeovil Town FC, 'Huish: the sloping pitch' (ytfc.net)1
  • AS Saint-Étienne, 'Les poteaux carrés' (asse.fr); Musée des Verts1