Passing and Receiving

A high, forward toss means a jump serve; a low one in front means a float.

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A serve from the corner comes at a different angle from one in the middle.

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The line of the shoulders and the swing point toward where the serve will go.

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Moving early leaves time to stop and set the platform.

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A balanced, ready body can push off in any direction once the serve is read.

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Reading is judging where the ball will go from the first clues.

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A jump serve comes faster and deeper, so receivers usually drop back a step.

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Toss, swing, path, then movement and the platform.

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The faster the serve, the less time to read and move.

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A high, forward toss and a run-up mean a jump serve.

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The ball rebounds off the platform at an angle, like a ball off a wall.

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Lowering the body keeps the arms in the same position relative to the target.

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A platform facing the ceiling sends the ball up and over the passer's head.

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A downward platform drives the ball low, often into the net.

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Joining the arms at the last moment leaves an uneven, moving surface.

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Bringing the shoulders forward squeezes the forearms into a flat platform.

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Thumbs down rolls the forearms so their flat sides face the ball.

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Read, move, angle and let the ball come off the platform.

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The more the platform faces up, the higher the ball goes.

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The ball rebounds the way the platform faces, here to her left.

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The setter takes the second ball, so the pass goes to the setter's spot.

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A pass right on the net leaves the setter cramped and lets blockers reach it.

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A pass with some height lets the setter arrive and set from under the ball.

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A 3 is a perfect pass that leaves the setter every option.

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A 0 means the rally is lost on the pass, by an ace or an unplayable ball.

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A soft arc slows the ball down so the setter can get under it.

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A visible target turns passing into aiming.

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From an ace or lost ball up to a perfect pass.

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A perfect pass lets the team run its fastest attack.

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The target is near the net, a little to the right of centre, where the setter waits.

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Late movement catches passers who arrive just in time.

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Staying light lets the passer make small last-moment steps.

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In front of the body the platform is easiest to aim.

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Most of the float's movement happens late in its flight.

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Weight forward means the first step toward a dropping ball is quick.

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Reaching leaves the platform at a bad angle, so the ball sprays off.

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Arriving early leaves time to react to late movement.

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Early reading and movement, then small late adjustments.

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A spinning serve follows a steady curve; a float moves unpredictably.

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Early arrival and light feet allow the late adjustment the float needs.

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Giving slightly with the platform absorbs pace so the pass stays on the court.

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Meeting it in front keeps the platform in control.

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Against a fast serve, a still platform aimed at the target does the work.

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Powerful serves miss long often, so a quick call saves a team-mate touching an out ball.

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Teams hide the setter and middles and let their best passers receive.

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Turning away twists the platform and sends the ball off target.

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Deep, fast serves are hard to play when moving backward.

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Read early, set the feet, keep the platform still and soften the contact.

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Jump topspin serves are fastest, standing floats slowest.

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A serving machine sends identical balls, so receivers get many repetitions.

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Some receivers take high float serves with an overhead pass instead of the forearms.

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With the fingers, the ball must rebound cleanly; a held ball is a catch.

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A float arriving high is easier to play with the hands than to drop under.

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Hands struggle to play a very fast ball cleanly.

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The same window shape as a set, above the forehead.

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Fingers control the ball finely, so the pass often lands right on target.

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The forearm pass copes with fast and low serves that the hands cannot.

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Read, get under, hands up and send it to the setter.

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The slower and higher the serve, the better it suits the hands.

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High floats are the serves that are often received overhead.

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When there is no time to stop, the passer plays the ball on the move.

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A platform held beside the body, tilted to the target, can still send it up.

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From the side, small errors in angle send the ball well off target.

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Arms swing naturally when running; the platform is formed at the end.

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Hips toward the target line up the platform with it.

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After passing short, a hitter backs off to have room for an approach.

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Most serves and attacks make the passer move, so practice should too.

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Read, move freely, form the platform late and aim it.

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The further the passer has to move, the harder the pass.

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Wherever the passer has to go, the pass still goes to the setter's target.

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A free ball is a chance to pass perfectly to the setter.

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With an easy ball there is time to use the more precise overhead pass.

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A down ball is attacked from a standing position, so it comes faster.

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The setter needs to be at the target before the pass arrives.

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When no attack is possible, a safe free ball keeps the rally going.

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An easy ball means a perfect pass and every attack option.

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A down ball is not blocked, so the team defends a bit deeper.

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Free balls are easy, down balls harder, spikes hardest.

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Make room, get the setter ready, pass, attack.

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Backing off the net gives the hitters room for their run-up.

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The passer's eyes are on the ball, not the lines, so team-mates help judge.

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Clear seam rules stop two players going for the same ball, or neither.

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Teams give their best passer the biggest share of the serves.

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An 'out' call tells team-mates to leave the ball.

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Agreeing in advance means nobody has to think during the rally.

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When the setter cannot reach the second ball, 'help' asks someone else to set.

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Without calls, receivers collide or leave the ball between them.

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Plan, call, pass and keep talking.

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The play is set before the serve; the call comes as the ball flies.

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The player who calls takes the ball; the other gets out of the way.

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Players serve, pass and rotate to the next line in a figure-of-eight pattern.

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A number for every pass shows how well each passer is doing.

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Only real serves have the speed and movement passers meet in matches.

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An easy throw lets players focus on the platform before facing serves.

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A streak target adds pressure, like a close set.

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Many good repetitions with full attention beat long, tired drills.

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A real setter shows whether the pass can be turned into an attack.

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From controlled tosses to real serves and finally game play.

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Serve, move, pass and follow the ball.

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Wall passing builds a steady platform and ball control without a partner.

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