第9章：球迷、媒体与金钱

Ultras groups spread across Italian football in the 1970s.

来源：AC Milan, 'La Fossa dei Leoni' (acmilan.com) · 记忆

Fanzines grew in the 1980s as fans answered back to clubs and the press.

来源：When Saturday Comes, 'About us' (wsc.co.uk) · 记忆

Fans sang his name with the inflatable fruit held high.

来源：Manchester City, 'The inflatable banana craze' and 'The Poznań' (mancity.com) · 记忆

Fans in England took it up after a Europa League meeting in 2010.

来源：Lech Poznań, 'The Poznań' (lechpoznan.pl) · 记忆

It became a regular sight before kick-off from the mid-1990s.

来源：Celtic FC, 'The Huddle' (celticfc.com) · 记忆

Rattles often carried the club colours.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Rattles and rosettes' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

Grimsby's fans waved inflatable fish, a nod to the port's trade.

来源：Manchester City, 'The inflatable banana craze' and 'The Poznań' (mancity.com) · 记忆

1968, 1986, 1987-88 and 2010.

来源：Club heritage pages (acmilan.com, mancity.com, celticfc.com) and When Saturday Comes · 记忆

The early 20th century, 1968 and 1995.

来源：Club heritage pages (acmilan.com, mancity.com, celticfc.com) and When Saturday Comes · 记忆

The craze is often traced to one fan's banana at a match in 1987.

来源：Manchester City, 'The inflatable banana craze' and 'The Poznań' (mancity.com) · 记忆

The four brothers' company issued its first football album in 1961.

来源：Panini Group, 'Our history' (panini.it) · 记忆

Albums have followed for every World Cup since.

来源：Panini Group, 'Our history' (panini.it) · 记忆

Peter Adolph wanted to call it 'The Hobby' but could not register the name.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Subbuteo' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

Early players had flat cardboard figures.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Subbuteo' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

His toy game fixed the players to rods turned by hand.

来源：UK Intellectual Property Office, patent of Harold Searles Thornton (1921); National Football Museum · 记忆

Match followed in 1979.

来源：Shoot! magazine archive (shoot.co.uk); Match magazine · 记忆

The set featured the players chosen for Mexico.

来源：The FA, '1970 World Cup coin collection' (englandfootball.com) · 记忆

1921, 1947, 1961 and 1969.

来源：Panini, Subbuteo and National Football Museum histories · 记忆

1961, 1970 and 1979.

来源：Panini, Subbuteo and National Football Museum histories · 记忆

Children swap 'got, got, need' in playgrounds every World Cup.

来源：Panini Group, 'Our history' (panini.it) · 记忆

The BBC's Teddy Wakelam described the game from Highbury.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

A second voice called out the square the ball was in.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

George Mutch scored a penalty in the last minute of extra time.

来源：The FA, '1938: the first FA Cup final shown live in full' (thefa.com) · 记忆

Liverpool won 3-2; only about 20,000 people watched on BBC2.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

Matches were broadcast to several European countries.

来源：FIFA, '1954: the first televised World Cup' (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

It ran until 2007 and carried the classified results.

来源：BBC, 'Grandstand 1958-2007' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

BBC2 could then be received only in the London area.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

1927, 1938, 1954 and 1964.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

1958, 1964 and 1974.

来源：BBC, 'Grandstand 1958-2007' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

Historians doubt the story, but it remains a popular explanation.

来源：BBC, 'The first football commentary, 1927' and 'Match of the Day at 50' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

The players' union, led by Jimmy Hill, threatened to strike.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

He had said his captain was worth it once the cap went.

来源：Fulham FC, 'Johnny Haynes, the first £100-a-week player' (fulhamfc.com) · 记忆

It had been raised step by step since the Second World War.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

Clubs could no longer hold a player without a contract indefinitely.

来源：The National Archives, 'Eastham v Newcastle United, 1963'; PFA · 记忆

It later became the Professional Footballers' Association.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

FIFA's Article 17 lets a player end a contract early by paying compensation.

来源：FIFA, Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players, Article 17; Court of Arbitration for Sport, Webster ruling (2008) · 记忆

Hill later became a manager and a television presenter.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

1907, 1961, 1963 and 2006.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

1901, 1947 and 1958.

来源：Professional Footballers' Association, 'Our history' and 'The end of the maximum wage, 1961' (thepfa.com) · 记忆

Haynes captained Fulham and England.

来源：Fulham FC, 'Johnny Haynes, the first £100-a-week player' (fulhamfc.com) · 记忆

They changed their crest to match the sponsor's logo.

来源：Eintracht Braunschweig, 'Jägermeister: der erste Trikotsponsor' (eintracht.com) · 记忆

The sponsor was the Japanese company Hitachi.

来源：Liverpool FC, 'Hitachi: the first shirt sponsor in English top flight' (liverpoolfc.com) · 记忆

It was one of the longest shirt deals in English football.

来源：Manchester United, 'Sharp shirts 1982-2000' (manutd.com) · 记忆

Zanussi made kitchen appliances.

来源：Real Madrid, 'Zanussi, el primer patrocinador' (realmadrid.com) · 记忆

The Basque oil refiner's name appeared for the club's 110th anniversary season.

来源：Athletic Club, 'Petronor, the first sponsor on the shirt' (athletic-club.eus) · 记忆

JVC stayed on the shirt until 1999.

来源：Arsenal FC, 'JVC 1981' (arsenal.com) · 记忆

Advertising was not allowed, but a crest was.

来源：Eintracht Braunschweig, 'Jägermeister: der erste Trikotsponsor' (eintracht.com) · 记忆

1973, 1979, 1981 and 1982.

来源：Club histories: eintracht.com, liverpoolfc.com, arsenal.com, manutd.com, realmadrid.com, athletic-club.eus · 记忆

1982, 1999 and 2008.

来源：Club histories: eintracht.com, liverpoolfc.com, arsenal.com, manutd.com, realmadrid.com, athletic-club.eus · 记忆

The stag with a cross between its antlers is the liqueur's logo.

来源：Eintracht Braunschweig, 'Jägermeister: der erste Trikotsponsor' (eintracht.com) · 记忆

The club and its sponsor agree a neutral name for those games.

来源：UEFA, 'Stadium naming rules in UEFA competitions' (uefa.com); FC Bayern (fcbayern.com) · 记忆

The sportswear firm had roots in the Bolton area.

来源：Bolton Wanderers, 'The Reebok Stadium' (bwfc.co.uk) · 记忆

The insurer is based in Dortmund.

来源：Borussia Dortmund, 'SIGNAL IDUNA PARK' (bvb.de) · 记忆

It opened in 2011 as the Juventus Stadium.

来源：Juventus, 'Allianz Stadium' (juventus.com) · 记忆

The betting firm is owned by the club's owners.

来源：Stoke City, 'bet365 Stadium' (stokecityfc.com) · 记忆

The duty-free retailer belonged to the club's owners.

来源：Leicester City, 'King Power Stadium' (lcfc.com) · 记忆

The card company has a large office in the city.

来源：Brighton & Hove Albion, 'The Amex' (brightonandhovealbion.com) · 记忆

1997, 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2017.

来源：Club stadium pages: bwfc.co.uk, bvb.de, lcfc.com, brightonandhovealbion.com, stokecityfc.com, juventus.com · 记忆

1974年、1997年和2002年。

来源：Club stadium pages: bwfc.co.uk, bvb.de, lcfc.com, brightonandhovealbion.com, stokecityfc.com, juventus.com · 记忆

The same applies to other sponsored grounds in Europe.

来源：UEFA, 'Stadium naming rules in UEFA competitions' (uefa.com); FC Bayern (fcbayern.com) · 记忆

Robbie Williams and Jonathan Wilkes set it up.

来源：Soccer Aid for UNICEF, 'History' (socceraid.org.uk) · 记忆

It was held before the World Cup in South Africa.

来源：Street Child World Cup, 'About' (streetchildunited.org) · 记忆

Again it came just before a World Cup.

来源：Street Child World Cup, 'About' (streetchildunited.org) · 记忆

Schmied edited a street newspaper sold by homeless people.

来源：Homeless World Cup Foundation, 'Founders Mel Young and Harald Schmied' (homelessworldcup.org) · 记忆

It is the village where he grew up.

来源：Liverpool FC, 'Sadio Mané's hospital in Bambali' (liverpoolfc.com) · 记忆

He gave his sponsorship fees to the project.

来源：Didier Drogba Foundation (fondationdidierdrogba.org); Chelsea FC · 记忆

He gave his bonus to fund surgery for 23 children.

来源：Arsenal FC and DFB reports on Mesut Özil's 2014 World Cup donation (arsenal.com; dfb.de) · 记忆

2003, 2006, 2010 and 2014.

来源：Common Goal, Soccer Aid, Homeless World Cup and Street Child United histories · 记忆

2006, 2014 and 2021.

来源：Common Goal, Soccer Aid, Homeless World Cup and Street Child United histories · 记忆

It took place in September 2003.

来源：Homeless World Cup Foundation, 'Our story' (homelessworldcup.org) · 记忆

Millions filled in its coupons each week.

来源：Littlewoods Pools history; National Football Museum, 'The football pools' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

It was presented by Frank Skinner and David Baddiel.

来源：BBC, 'Fantasy Football League' (1994); Premier League, 'Fantasy Premier League' (fantasy.premierleague.com) · 记忆

It now has millions of players around the world.

来源：BBC, 'Fantasy Football League' (1994); Premier League, 'Fantasy Premier League' (fantasy.premierleague.com) · 记忆

Their studio, Sports Interactive, later made Football Manager.

来源：Sports Interactive, 'Our history' (sigames.com) · 记忆

The licence deal with FIFA ended after thirty years.

来源：Electronic Arts, 'EA SPORTS FC' (ea.com); Konami, 'Pro Evolution Soccer' (konami.com) · 记忆

It was known for its tiny players seen from above.

来源：Sensible Software history; National Videogame Museum (thenvm.org) · 记忆

In Japan it was called Winning Eleven.

来源：Electronic Arts, 'EA SPORTS FC' (ea.com); Konami, 'Pro Evolution Soccer' (konami.com) · 记忆

1923, 1992, 1994, 2002 and 2023.

来源：Publishers' release records: ea.com, sigames.com, konami.com · 记忆

1992, 1993 and 2001.

来源：Publishers' release records: ea.com, sigames.com, konami.com · 记忆

A line of score draws could win a fortune.

来源：Littlewoods Pools history; National Football Museum, 'The football pools' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

He listed famous British names, from Lord Nelson to Margaret Thatcher.

来源：NRK, 'Lillelien: Your boys took a hell of a beating' (nrk.no, 1981) · 记忆

'Barrilete cósmico' became one of the most famous calls in Spanish.

来源：AFA and Radio Uruguay archives, 'Barrilete cósmico' (1986) · 记忆

Manchester City scored twice in stoppage time on the last day.

来源：Sky Sports, 'Agüerooooo: Martin Tyler's call, 2012' (skysports.com) · 记忆

It was his nickname for Liverpool's stylish side.

来源：BBC, 'John Motson's greatest lines' (bbc.co.uk) · 记忆

Arsenal won the 1989 title on the last night of the season.

来源：ITV Sport, '1989: Brian Moore and Arsenal at Anfield' (itv.com) · 记忆

Lee scored for Derby against his old club, Manchester City.

来源：BBC, 'Barry Davies: Interesting... very interesting' (bbc.co.uk, 1974) · 记忆

Norway had won the World Cup qualifier 2-1 in Oslo.

来源：NRK, 'Lillelien: Your boys took a hell of a beating' (nrk.no, 1981) · 记忆

1966, 1981, 1986, 1989 and 2012.

来源：BBC, ITV, NRK and Sky Sports archives · 记忆

1988, 1989 and 2012.

来源：BBC, ITV, NRK and Sky Sports archives · 记忆

Tyler had commentated for Sky since the start of the Premier League.

来源：Sky Sports, 'Agüerooooo: Martin Tyler's call, 2012' (skysports.com) · 记忆

Big screens in city centres drew millions who had no tickets.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA Fan Fest: from 2006 to today' (fifa.com) · 记忆

'Rolig' means calm in Danish, a play on 'hooligans'.

来源：Dansk Boldspil-Union, 'Roligans' (dbu.dk) · 记忆

The players also left their dressing room spotless.

来源：Japan Football Association and FIFA, 'Japan fans clean up' (fifa.com, 2018 and 2022) · 记忆

They were praised for their good humour across France.

来源：Football Association of Ireland, 'Paris honours Irish fans, Euro 2016' (fai.ie) · 记忆

The chant became one of the songs of the summer.

来源：Irish Football Association, 'Euro 2016: the Green and White Army' (irishfa.com); UEFA · 记忆

Fans sang that they did not want to go back home.

来源：Football Association of Wales, 'Don't take me home, Euro 2016' (faw.cymru) · 记忆

The room was left spotless, too.

来源：Japan Football Association and FIFA, 'Japan fans clean up' (fifa.com, 2018 and 2022) · 记忆

1986, 2006, 2016 and 2022.

来源：UEFA, FIFA and federation records of fans at tournaments · 记忆

11 June, 27 June and 1 July 2016.

来源：UEFA, FIFA and federation records of fans at tournaments · 记忆

The clap echoed around the stadiums of France.

来源：Football Association of Iceland, 'The Viking clap' (ksi.is); UEFA Euro 2016 · 记忆