第5章：装备与技术

阿迪达斯把 Telstar 足球设计成12块黑色五边形和20块白色六边形，这样球在1970年多数球迷仍在使用的黑白电视上也容易看清。

来源：Adidas / FIFA, news.adidas.com/timeline/how-adidas-has-shaped-the-history-of-world-cup-balls-from-1970-to-the-present-day · 记忆

1966年世界杯阿根廷对英格兰的四分之一决赛火药味十足，之后裁判员 Ken Aston 看到交通灯变色，想到“黄灯，慢点；红灯，停”；这套牌在1970年世界杯上首次使用。

来源：History.com / Smithsonian Magazine, history.com/articles/yellow-red-cards-1966-world-cup · 记忆

在伯尔尼被雨水浸透的场地上，Adi Dassler 设计的更长的旋入式鞋钉，让西德队员比匈牙利队固定皮质鞋钉的队员抓地更好，帮助不被看好的西德在“伯尔尼奇迹”中以3:2获胜。

来源：DFB（德国足协），dfb.de/en/news/detail/world-cup-rewind-1954-the-miracle-of-bern-187757 · 记忆

VAR在2018年法国对阵澳大利亚的揭幕战中首次亮相世界杯，确认了对 Antoine Griezmann 的犯规并判给罚球点球。

来源：FIFA Museum, fifamuseum.com/en/explore/fifamuseumplus/past-exhibitions/innovation-in-action/the-first-time-var-made-its-fifa-world-cup-debut-with-griezmann · 记忆

国际足联在GoalControl-4D与鹰眼及另外两家竞争者中选中了前者用于2014年世界杯，首次使用是在巴西对克罗地亚的揭幕战。

来源：Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/116659-first-football-soccer-fifa-world-cup-to-use-goal-line-technology · 记忆

在2022年世界杯上，12台追踪摄像机每秒50次采集每名球员最多29个数据点，以帮助更快、更准确地作出越位判罚。

来源：FIFA, inside.fifa.com/innovation/world-cup-2022/semi-automated-offside-technology · 记忆

失业的球迷 Heine Allemagne 花了14年研发消失喷雾，该产品在南美足球中使用多年后，于2014年巴西对克罗地亚的揭幕战中首次登上世界杯。

来源：经交叉核对的消失喷雾发明历史记述 · 记忆

1878年10月14日，两支谢菲尔德球队在 Bramall Lane 球场灯光下进行的一场表演赛，被公认为第一场夜间灯光足球比赛，不过足球联赛直到1956年才批准举行有灯光的正式比赛。

来源：经交叉核对的足球首场泛光灯比赛历史记述 · 记忆

英国制球商 William Sykes 于1885年为内衬橡胶的守门员手套申请了专利，但推广缓慢；河床的 Amadeo Carrizo 是第一位被广泛认为经常戴手套比赛的守门员，时间在20世纪40年代和50年代。

来源：经交叉核对的守门员手套发展历史记述 · 记忆

女王公园巡游者于1981年在 Loftus Road 球场铺设了 Omniturf 人造草皮；经过多年的球员投诉，英格兰足总于1991年禁止在顶级联赛使用人造草皮。

来源：经交叉核对的女王公园巡游者人造草皮球场历史记述 · 记忆

1976年1月，凯特灵镇的球衣上印了“Kettering Tyres”，但FA裁定这是非法的；1979年利物浦与日立的合同成为英格兰足球中第一份正式获准的球衣赞助。

来源：经交叉核对的英格兰足球球衣赞助历史记述 · 记忆

前利物浦球员 Craig Johnston 研制了约1000个原型，最初是在自己的球鞋上缠橡胶，之后阿迪达斯在1994年推出了带有橡胶鳍片的 Predator，以改善抓地和弧线效果。

来源：经交叉核对的 Adidas Predator 发明历史记述 · 记忆

泰勒报告在希尔斯堡惨案之后发表，建议球场实行全座席；英格兰前两级联赛被要求在1994年8月前达标。

来源：经交叉核对的泰勒报告历史记述 · 记忆

Azteca 足球采用合成材料制成，设计灵感来自阿兹特克文化，以向东道主墨西哥致敬，在潮湿环境和高海拔下比皮革更能保持形状。

来源：经交叉核对的 Adidas 世界杯比赛用球历史记述 · 记忆

埃弗顿于1958年在古迪逊公园球场安装了地下供暖，用了20英里的电线，不过其他俱乐部跟进缓慢：利物浦直到1980年才安装自己的系统。

来源：经交叉核对的古迪逊公园球场地下供暖历史记述 · 记忆

Alan Ball 在1970年慈善盾赛中穿了白色球鞋，这是第一双彩色足球鞋；这双鞋以 Hummel 的名义出售，不过 Ball 后来说，他实际穿的是涂成白色的阿迪达斯球鞋，因为 Hummel 的鞋会让他的脚疼。

来源：经交叉核对的 Alan Ball 白色球鞋历史记述 · 记忆

包括英格兰主教练卡佩罗在内的球员和守门员批评 Jabulani 球的弧线和下坠难以预测，并归咎于它异常轻的结构。

来源：经交叉核对的2010年 Jabulani 球争议报道 · 记忆

从1993年8月起，英超全面强制使用球队号码和球衣名字，取代了传统的1—11号比赛日编号。

来源：经交叉核对的英超球员号码历史记述 · 记忆

1937年9月16日，BBC转播了阿森纳与阿森纳预备队之间一场友谊赛中15分钟的片段，这是第一场通过电视直播的足球比赛。

来源：Guinness World Records, guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/777845-first-televised-football-soccer-broadcast · 记忆

加的夫千年球场于1999年启用，拥有英国第一个可完全开合的屋顶；2001年足总社区盾赛成为第一场在屋顶关闭状态下进行的足球比赛。

来源：Principality Stadium 官方网站，principalitystadium.wales/information/about-the-venue · 记忆

From 1986 the World Cup ball was fully synthetic.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

The foam made it a little faster and more water-resistant.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Its design was inspired by space travel and the American space programme.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Blue, white and red recalled the French flag, with a Gallic rooster in the design.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Its colours and triangles drew on Asian culture for the first World Cup in Asia.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

It was a gold version of the tournament ball, for the final in Johannesburg.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

A new Finale has been made for each season since 2000-01.

来源：UEFA, 'The Champions League starball' (uefa.com); adidas · 记忆

1982, 1990, 1994 and 1998.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

1998, 2002 and the 2010 final.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Three lion heads decorated each of its triad patterns.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

The brothers had made shoes together since the 1920s.

来源：adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

Adolf, known as Adi, founded Adidas.

来源：adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

Cameras close in on him bending down before the quarter-final against Peru.

来源：PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

It became one of the most famous boots of its era.

来源：PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

It is still on sale, more than four decades later.

来源：adidas, 'Copa Mundial since 1979' (adidas.com) · 记忆

It was very light and silver, blue and yellow.

来源：Nike, 'Mercurial: 1998' (nike.com) · 记忆

Early boots were heavy, ankle-high work boots that soaked up water.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Football boots' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

1968, 1970, 1979 and 1998.

来源：PUMA, 'The PUMA King' and 'Pelé and the PUMA King' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

1924, 1948, 1949 and 1994.

来源：adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

Adidas and Puma both stayed in the brothers' home town after the split.

来源：adidas Group, 'History' (adidas-group.com); PUMA, 'Our history' (about.puma.com) · 记忆

FIFA fined the federation and docked World Cup qualifying points; the deduction was later lifted.

来源：FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · 记忆

They had worn the sleeveless design at the Africa Cup of Nations earlier that year.

来源：FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · 记忆

He also played some matches as a striker.

来源：Mexican Football Federation, 'Jorge Campos' (miseleccion.mx) · 记忆

Its deal with Leeds United began the modern replica-kit trade.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Admiral and the replica shirt' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

West Germany wore white, so England changed.

来源：The FA, '1966: England's red shirts' (englandfootball.com) · 记忆

The team kept the colour after Italy became a republic in 1946.

来源：FIGC, 'Perché la Nazionale veste d'azzurro' (figc.it) · 记忆

They were 3-0 down and lost 3-1; the grey shirt was never worn again.

来源：Manchester United, 'The grey kit at The Dell, 1996' (manutd.com) · 记忆

1966, the 1970s, 1986 and 1996.

来源：National Football Museum, 'Admiral and the replica shirt' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

1991, 1994, 2002 and 2004.

来源：FIFA, 'Cameroon kit rulings 2002 and 2004' (inside.fifa.com); BBC Sport reports · 记忆

Hummel's design is one of the best-remembered World Cup shirts.

来源：Dansk Boldspil-Union, '1986: Danish Dynamite' (dbu.dk); hummel heritage · 记忆

The gold-plated figure represented Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

来源：FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · 记忆

Fattorini & Sons made it; City won it at the first attempt.

来源：FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · 记忆

The Swiss silversmith Jörg Stadelmann made it in 1967 with its large handles.

来源：UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · 记忆

Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern, Milan and Liverpool all earned a trophy of their own.

来源：UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · 记忆

The gold trophy was made to mark the unique feat.

来源：Premier League, 'The Premier League trophy' and 'The gold trophy of 2004' (premierleague.com) · 记忆

The base has been enlarged to make room for the plaques.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'El trofeo de la Copa Libertadores' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

France Football first gave the award in 1956.

来源：FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · 记忆

1911, 1930, 1967 and 1974.

来源：FIFA Museum, 'The Jules Rimet Trophy' (fifamuseum.com); The FA, 'The FA Cup trophy' (thefa.com) · 记忆

1966, 1973, 1976, 1994 and 2005.

来源：UEFA, 'The Champions League trophy' (uefa.com) · 记忆

The Meisterschale is known in Germany as the Salatschüssel.

来源：DFL, 'Die Meisterschale' (bundesliga.com) · 记忆

The grass slides away in three sections, revealing the synthetic surface below.

来源：Tottenham Hotspur, 'Stadium: the retractable pitch' (tottenhamhotspur.com) · 记忆

The pitch grows outside in daylight and is moved back in for matches.

来源：FC Schalke 04, 'VELTINS-Arena' (schalke04.de) · 记忆

The dome was a 2002 World Cup venue.

来源：Sapporo Dome, 'Hovering soccer stage' (sapporo-dome.co.jp) · 记忆

974 is also Qatar's international dialling code.

来源：FIFA, 'Stadium 974' (fifa.com, 2022) · 记忆

Red has been used for Bayern home games.

来源：FC Bayern, 'Allianz Arena' (allianz-arena.com) · 记忆

The arch helps hold up the roof and can be seen across London.

来源：Wembley Stadium, 'The arch' (wembleystadium.com) · 记忆

Eduardo Souto de Moura's design has stands on only two sides.

来源：SC Braga, 'Estádio Municipal de Braga' (scbraga.pt) · 记忆

1996, 2001, 2005 and 2007.

来源：Johan Cruijff ArenA, 'History' (johancruijffarena.nl) · 记忆

2001, 2003, 2019 and 2021.

来源：Sapporo Dome, 'Hovering soccer stage' (sapporo-dome.co.jp) · 记忆

It was the first World Cup stadium designed to be fully dismantled.

来源：FIFA, 'Stadium 974' (fifa.com, 2022) · 记忆

Floodlights had been used for friendlies for years before the League allowed them.

来源：Portsmouth FC, 'The first Football League floodlit match, 1956' (portsmouthfc.co.uk) · 记忆

Arsenal won 6-1 under their new lights.

来源：Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · 记忆

English papers called Wolves 'champions of the world', and a French journalist proposed a proper test.

来源：Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · 记忆

One end of the Emirates is called the Clock End too.

来源：Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · 记忆

United beat Anderlecht 10-0 there in September 1956.

来源：Manchester United, 'Old Trafford history' and 1956-57 European Cup reports (manutd.com) · 记忆

UEFA launched the European Cup the following year.

来源：Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · 记忆

Opponents included Spartak Moscow, Honvéd and Real Madrid.

来源：Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · 记忆

1878, 1954, 1956 and 2006.

来源：Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'The floodlit friendlies' (wolves.co.uk); UEFA, 'How the European Cup began' · 记忆

1958, 1968 and 2006.

来源：Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · 记忆

The plane crashed at Munich-Riem airport on 6 February 1958.

来源：Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) and Manchester United (manutd.com) heritage pages · 记忆

His vulcanised rubber ball did not need a pig's bladder inside.

来源：National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

Argentina's ball was used before half-time and Uruguay's after; Uruguay won 4-2.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup 1930: the two balls of the final' (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Older balls were laced shut after the bladder was pumped up.

来源：adidas, 'World Cup balls through history' (adidas.com); FIFA Museum, 'The official match balls' (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Hurst was expected to keep it after his hat-trick; the ball came back to England in 1996.

来源：FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Brown leather balls had been the norm until then.

来源：The FA, 'History of the Laws: the white ball' (thefa.com) · 记忆

Players complained of pain and injury from heading them.

来源：National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

It was the orange-brown Challenge 4-Star.

来源：FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

1855, 1930, 1950 and 1966.

来源：National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

1930, 1950 and 1966.

来源：FIFA, '1966: the final ball's journey' (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Heading the laced seam of a wet, heavy ball was painful.

来源：National Football Museum, 'The history of the football' (nationalfootballmuseum.com) · 记忆

The club later sold the ground to the Scottish FA.

来源：Queen's Park FC, 'Our history' (queensparkfc.co.uk) · 记忆

Luton's pitch arrived in 1985; Oldham and Preston followed.

来源：EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · 记忆

Preston were the last to replace theirs with grass.

来源：EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · 记忆

Sir Francis Ley built it after a visit to the United States; Derby played there from 1895 to 1997.

来源：Derby County, 'The Baseball Ground' heritage pages (dcfc.co.uk) · 记忆

The grass had to be replaced again and again.

来源：Johan Cruijff ArenA, 'History' (johancruijffarena.nl) · 记忆

The pallets can be taken out for concerts and other events.

来源：Principality Stadium, 'The pitch' (principalitystadium.wales) · 记忆

Big clubs dreaded FA Cup ties there.

来源：Yeovil Town FC, 'Huish: the sloping pitch' (ytfc.net) · 记忆

1981, 1985, 1996 and 1997.

来源：EFL, 'Artificial pitches in the Football League' (efl.com) · 记忆

About 1890, 1899, 1996 and 1999.

来源：Principality Stadium, 'The pitch' (principalitystadium.wales) · 记忆

Two of its shots hit the square woodwork in a 1-0 defeat; the posts are now in the club museum.

来源：AS Saint-Étienne, 'Les poteaux carrés' (asse.fr); Musée des Verts · 记忆