Rozdział 1: Historia i początki

The grass fields were too wet for rugby at that time of year, so they went down to the shore.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

The pitch vanished under the sea at high water, so the game ran by the tides.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

Each line was gone with the next tide, so it was drawn afresh every match.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

Play goes back at least to 1867, six years before anyone wrote the rules down.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

The rouge came from the school's early football, which imitated the Eton field game.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

With no forward passing allowed, close control was the whole of the attacking game.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

Association hockey arrived as an organised school sport only at the end of the 1960s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

At least 1867, 1873, 1900, the end of the 1960s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

3 yards, 6 paces, 20 paces, 80 paces.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · wiedza

As in rugby, the ball could not go forward by a pass, so dribbling ruled.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Rossall Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org/rossall-hockey) · zastosowanie

The extracts open the Hockey Museum's chronology of how the rules changed.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Right into the 1970s the rule book still described the ball by reference to a cricket ball.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Its width could run anywhere from 50 to 80 yards as well.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The roll came in at right angles to the line, and the roll-in lasted almost a century.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

That same 15 yards later became the radius of the marked striking circle.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

There was no menu of penalties yet, only the ball brought back and a bully.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

No measurements were given, so a committee's eye was the only test.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

7 feet, 6 yards, 15 yards, 50 yards.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1876, 1886, 1900, 1908.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The shoulder limit lasted a long time: the rule capping stick height was deleted only in the early 1980s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

Flags stood where the modern 23-metre line now runs.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Three taps stayed the ritual for over a century.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

No substitutes were allowed either, so the eleven who started had to finish.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It took until the 1970s before two were allowed, and even then a player could not come back on.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The stick itself had to be wood; towelling and rubber grips belong to much later days.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Field players could stop the ball with a hand or foot, but could not kick it away.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The code simply did not mention any goalkeeping equipment.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

One, two, three and five: the shape widens as it goes up the field.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

4 yards, 5 yards, 15 yards, 25 yards.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Traditional leather-covered cricket balls were simply painted white.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

From 1907 umpires could apply the rules without being asked.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It also made each umpire responsible for the whole of one side-line.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Its first meeting followed on 25 July that year.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It was formally written in as a rule only in 1927.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The 1886 code had allowed either two umpires or one with two linesmen.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

From the 1970s a temporary suspension had to last at least five minutes.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The Hockey Museum's chronology calls it a trip to the sin bin.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1907, 1936, 1959, the 1970s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

April 1900, July 1900, 1927, the 1970s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Green, yellow and red were all brought in during that decade's changes.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

The same year brought the penalty bully, for stopping a certain goal.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The attackers, meanwhile, waited outside the circle.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The rest of the team had to wait at the 25-yard line.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Before that they had needed only to get behind the 25-yard line.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The same year cut the defenders behind the back line from six to five.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The first common rule book for men and women tightened what had not been umpired rigorously.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

With no stop required any more, the corner became a quicker routine.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1908, 1961, 1987.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1908, 1987, 1996, 2003.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The corner is taken again one defender short, and in theory this could go on until the defence had gone.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

It lasted until 1963, when the penalty stroke took its place.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It is the ancestor of the free hit defenders now take after a ball goes over the back-line.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It was first taken from a spot 8 yards from the goal.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It became a centre pass that could go in any direction only in 1996.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It still turns up today after, say, an injury stops play.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The rewrite of that year kept the idea of the bully but simplified the ritual.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

That one change was made in the same year offside went experimental.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1957, 1963, the early 1980s, 1996.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1886, 1908, 2004.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It looks the same as in the 1880s, except that the sticks now touch only once.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

Use of the hand by anyone but a goalkeeper went only in the early 1980s.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The same rule stopped players using any part of the body except the hand to stop the ball.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Lifting the ball had to be done by the safe scoop, not by chopping under a hit.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

That is roughly 790 grams; today's limit is lower.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

A hard forehand hit with the edge was banned again in 2007.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Before then a shot at the head could not legally be stopped with a raised stick.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

A side could now play with eleven field players, a choice still seen at the very end of matches.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1904, 2002, 2007, 2009.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1904, 1938, the early 1980s, 2007.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It came more than a century after the first code, which had not mentioned any goalkeeping kit.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

A conversion table for imperial users was put at the back of the book.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

That is why the stroke spot sits at an awkward-looking 6.4 metres today.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The later fixed figure of 60 yards is about 55 metres, the width played on today.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The same year let umpires advance a free hit by 10 yards for dissent.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It is the dotted line you still see around each circle.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

The new limits were 9 inches long and 14 inches wide.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

It starts opposite where the ball went behind the goal-line.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

1886, 1905, the 1970s, 1998.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

9 inches, 14 inches, 36 inches.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · wiedza

Attacking free hits had to be kept away from the circle, and the dashes made the distance easy to see.

Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'History of the Rules of Hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), from the Surbiton Hockey Club minute book and later rule books · zastosowanie

She was born there on 4 June 1873.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

Bryn Mawr's alumnae magazine told stories about her under that very name.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

She had come for a summer course and showed the game at a seminar there.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

She began in 1904 and stayed into the late 1920s.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

She had lived through the whole rise of the game she brought across the Atlantic.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

The association became the national voice for a sport that was then almost all female.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

It finally closed after the 1994 season.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

1873, 1901, 1904, 1922.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

1901, the early 1920s, 1981, 1994.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · wiedza

To this day American field hockey is played overwhelmingly by women, unlike nearly anywhere else.

Źródło: Britannica, 'Constance Applebee'; Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 'Lore: The Apple'; Vassar Encyclopedia chronology, October 1901 · zastosowanie

Its absence pushed a French official to found the FIH that very year.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales each entered and each won a medal.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

Uhlenhorster HC went over as a club and represented the country.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

Japan took silver all the same, since only three teams had entered.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

The team trained on the deck on the way there.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

The sea swallowed them one by one as the players practised at sea.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

It was the condition that eventually folded the IFWHA into the FIH.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

Three, four and six.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

1908, 1924, 1936, 1980.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · wiedza

India scored 38 and let in just one, in the final against Germany.

Źródło: Olympedia, 'Hockey' (olympedia.org/sports/HOC) and its edition pages; bharatiyahockey.org, 'Golden Olympic Moments' · zastosowanie