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Field Hockey · Ciekawostki

Rozdział 3: Turnieje

10 testów · 100 faktów · zaktualizowano 30 października 2026 · markdown

Cups you may not know, and the odd tales behind the big events.

3.31The Champions Trophy

An invitation event born in Lahore that lasted forty years, then gave way to a league.

Test 1The Champions TrophyRozwiąż test

  1. Pakistan hosted the first edition and won it too.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  2. It was a Pakistani air marshal's idea, as the World Cup had been.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  3. Amstelveen staged it from 21 to 28 June.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  4. Australia finished as runners-up.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  5. The league began the next year, in 2019.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  6. Amstelveen hosted it from the 21st to the 28th of the month.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  7. After 1-1 at full time, Australia took the shoot-out 3-1.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  8. 1978, 1987, 2018, 2019.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  9. 1978, 1987, 2018.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · wiedza

  10. Hosts and winners: a first title for the country that had thought up the event.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding · zastosowanie

3.32The Sultan's Cup

A Malaysian invitation event named after a king who loved the game.

Test 1The Sultan Azlan Shah CupRozwiąż test

  1. It ran from 22 to 28 August that year.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  2. The opening edition was at the Tun Razak Stadium, in the capital.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  3. Pakistan came second and India third.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  4. The stadium there carries the Sultan's own name.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  5. He was the ninth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and a keen supporter of the game.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  6. It set off celebrations reaching as high as the palace.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  7. It has been held nearly every year since around the turn of the century.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  8. 1983, 2007, 2022, 2025.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  9. First, second and third in 1983.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · wiedza

  10. It was Malaysia's first title in its own event, four decades after it began.

    Źródło: FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup' · zastosowanie

3.33Tokyo 1958

The first Asian Games hockey ended with no goals in the decider, and a title settled by arithmetic.

Test 1Asian Games hockey, Tokyo 1958Rozwiąż test

  1. It was played that May, for men only.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  2. Pakistan, India, Japan, South Korea and Malaya all played each other.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  3. Pakistan had the better of it but missed the chances.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  4. With a round-robin and no final, the numbers decided who took gold.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  5. India's figures were 16 for and one against.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  6. It followed a challenge in a very rough game.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  7. Omar Hayat is the name given in the Nukta account of the day.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  8. 5-0, 6-0, 8-0.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  9. 1958, 1982, 2023.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · wiedza

  10. The missed chances did not matter: 19-0 on goals beat India's 16-1.

    Źródło: Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions' · zastosowanie

3.34Igrzyska Wspólnoty Narodów

Hockey joined the Games in Kuala Lumpur, and was left out in Glasgow.

Test 1Hockey at the Commonwealth GamesRozwiąż test

  1. Netball, rugby sevens and cricket came on board at the same Games.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  2. The hosts were beaten 4-0.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  3. Australia swept both titles at that first event.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  4. It did not stop Australia going on to the gold.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  5. That had been water polo, so the door had stayed shut for 48 years.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  6. Scottish Hockey noted it had been part of every Games since 1998.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  7. Glasgow stepped in late on a tight budget after the Australian state pulled out.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  8. 1950, 1998, 2024, 2026.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  9. One goal, four goals, seven goals.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · wiedza

  10. England went down 8-1 to Australia in Kuala Lumpur.

    Źródło: Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998' · zastosowanie

3.35Igrzyska Panamerykańskie

From the first tournament in Winnipeg to Argentina's long rule.

Test 1Hockey at the Pan American GamesRozwiąż test

  1. Hockey joined the Games that summer, in Manitoba.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  2. It may surprise today, but the Caribbean side was a strong one.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  3. American hockey was far stronger among its women at the time.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  4. From 1967 on, no other team has come close in the Americas.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  5. The men began in 1967, the women in 1987.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  6. Indianapolis staged the first women's event, in 1987.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  7. Its capital hosted the Games again in 1999.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  8. 1967, 1987, 1999.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  9. Złoto, srebro, brąz.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · wiedza

  10. From Los Leones to Las Leonas, the same shirts have led the Americas.

    Źródło: University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records · zastosowanie

3.36The First Euros

Brussels 1970 for the men and Lille 1984 for the women: how Europe got its titles.

Test 1Pierwsze mistrzostwa EuropyRozwiąż test

  1. It ran from 19 to 27 September.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  2. It started a long run of German strength in the event.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  3. It finished 3-1 in the Belgian capital.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  4. It came fourteen years after the men's first edition.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  5. It ran from 3 to 13 May 1984.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  6. It was the first of many.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  7. The Soviet women had already taken an Olympic bronze in 1980.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  8. Champions, runners-up, bronze medallists.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  9. 1970, 1984, 2007.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · wiedza

  10. The Netherlands were beaten in the final, in neutral Brussels.

    Źródło: EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch · zastosowanie

3.37The Junior World Cups

Under-21 hockey has its own World Cup, and a surprise first champion.

Test 1The Junior World CupsRozwiąż test

  1. A palace town became the unlikely birthplace of the event.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  2. A decade separated it from the boys' Versailles event.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  3. It would remain that country's only title in the event.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  4. Pakistan won it 2-0.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  5. It was played at the Nepean Sportsplex in 1989.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  6. It was the last year but one of West Germany as a country.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  7. Its senior teams, by comparison, have long lists of honours.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  8. 1979, 1989, 2011.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  9. Canada, France and Malaysia.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · wiedza

  10. A palace outside Paris gave the event its first postmark.

    Źródło: FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title · zastosowanie

3.38The Sultan of Johor Cup

A Malaysian tournament for under-21 men, where tomorrow's stars first meet.

Test 1The Sultan of Johor CupRozwiąż test

  1. It has become one of the biggest youth events in the calendar.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  2. It ran from 5 to 12 November.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  3. It lies at the very southern tip of the peninsula, across from Singapore.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  4. It was 2-2 with Australia before the golden goal settled it.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  5. Teams came by invitation, so the line-up changes from year to year.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  6. The 2024 title was among them, with Australia as the runner-up.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  7. Germany, in contrast, won in 2012 and 2023, far apart.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  8. 2011, 2012, 2016, 2024.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  9. 1983 and 2011, with India's league beginning in 2013.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · wiedza

  10. The first goal in extra time ended it there and then.

    Źródło: Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman · zastosowanie

3.39Willesden 1986

A World Cup in a corner of north-west London that changed English hockey.

Test 1The 1986 World Cup in LondonRozwiąż test

  1. The home team reached the final on an artificial pitch there.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  2. Australia's run included 6-0 wins over both Spain and India.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  3. Grass had still been part of the World Cup picture till then.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  4. He was then a veteran in Australia's midfield.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  5. The home crowd saw them survive and go on to the final.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  6. Their match was a play-off near the bottom of the table.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  7. South Korea had only just beaten both India and Pakistan to Asian Games gold.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  8. 1984, 1986, 1988, 1995.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  9. 3-1 in the group, then 3-2 and 1-2.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · wiedza

  10. His saves were a big part of England's run to the final.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 2026 · zastosowanie

3.40Dial-up at Utrecht

How a World Cup was reported from a laptop in 1998, with floppy disks and free beer.

Test 1The 1998 World Cup at UtrechtRozwiąż test

  1. It was the first time the two World Cups shared a place and time.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  2. It held about twenty photos on just 1.4 MB.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  3. Only four of them posted directly to a website.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  4. Hand-coded websites and dial-up were still a novelty.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  5. He had launched a field hockey website for them the year before.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  6. It sent Canada into the 5th to 8th place round.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  7. The reporter kept a branded beer glass as a souvenir.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  8. 1997, 1998, 2000, 2011.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  9. 4, about 20, about 250.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · wiedza

  10. The Dutch came in their tens of thousands, and their men went on to win the title.

    Źródło: The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 2026 · zastosowanie

Źródła

Primary/official sources only, no Wikipedia citations: the FIH and its continental federations, national associations, The Hockey Museum, the Olympic Channel and Olympedia, Guinness World Records, clubs' and makers' own histories, museums and named reputable media.

  • FIH tournament records for the Champions Trophy, tms.fih.ch, editions of 1978, 1987 and 2018; Dawn and The News (Pakistan) on the event's founding10
  • FIH, '25th Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under way'; Sports Digest, 'Sultan Azlan Shah Cup champions list', 2025; Malay Mail, 11 November 2022; ARY News, 'History of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup'10
  • Nukta, 'Pakistan's gold at the 1958 Asian Games'; Olympics.com, 'Asian Games hockey champions'10
  • Commonwealth Games Australia, 'Firsts and records at Kuala Lumpur'; Scottish Hockey and FIH statements on Glasgow 2026, October 2024; Team England, 'Kuala Lumpur 1998'10
  • University of Manitoba, '1967 Pan Am Games'; Diario Jornada, 'Los Leones se llevaron el oro de Toronto'; Pan American Hockey Federation records10
  • EuroHockey, 'History' (eurohockey2015.co.uk/the-event/history); FIH tournament records for the first EuroHockey Championships, tms.fih.ch10
  • FIH tournament records for the Junior World Cups, tms.fih.ch (1979 and 1989); Dawn, on Pakistan's 1979 title10
  • Sultan of Johor Cup official site (sultanjohorcup.com); Malaysian Hockey Confederation; Sports Digest, 'Complete list of winners'; The Statesman10
  • The Hockey Museum, 'Willesden 1986: the World Cup that changed English hockey' (hockeymuseum.org), 28 October 202610
  • The Hockey Museum, 'Dial-up and floppy disks: hockey's digital frontier at the 1998 World Cup' (hockeymuseum.org), 24 September 202610